Tsay (2002) introduced a wholesale price contract model with or without return provision where the risk attitude is represented by the mean-standard deviation value function. In this paper, we focus on a case without return provision where a manufacturer is the Stackelberg leader and a risk-averse retailer reacts. We relax a restriction on the retailer's order size imposed in Tsay (2002). We show that the restriction leads to misleading insights in his paper. We also show that there exist three types of equilibrium outcomes depending on the model parameter values, and one equilibrium type shifts to another as the retailer's risk aversion increases. This causes that a small change in risk aversion might lead to a large change in supply chain coordination. If the retailer is highly risk averse, then the manufacturer might consider substantially reducing the wholesale price to induce a much greater supply chain wide expected profit.

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With the rapid move towards global production, it has become increasingly critical for manufacturers to drastically shorten the time it takes to move a product from design to production while ensuring quality. This research addresses the necessity of reforming the business processes associated with development design in particular, and proposes a New Development Design CAE Employment Model using four core models: the Highly Reliable CAE Analysis Technology Component Model, the Highly Precise CAE Analysis Model, the Total QA High Cyclization Business Process Model, and the Intellectual Customer Data Collection/Analysis Integrated Model. The proposed model takes manufacturers away from conventional preproduction and prototype testing methods and leads them towards a better predictive evaluation method. The effectiveness of the model is verified by successfully applying it to the technological problem, “automotive transaxle oil seal leakage” of development design bottlenecks at auto manufacturers.

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In Japan, the implementation of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) is regarded as building up a continuous improvement culture and system to achieve zero breakdowns, zero accident, zero defects and zero waste by involving all functions and all workforces. This paper presents the results of an empirical analysis on the contribution of TPM practices to the quality performance of Japanese manufacturing plants. This study uses the survey data collected from 35 manufacturing plants during 2003-2004 in Japan. Correlation and regression analysis are used to analyze the relationship between the variables. Results of the analysis demonstrate that TPM practices are intensively used to achieve high product quality in Japanese plants. Autonomous maintenance is significantly determined as key predictors for quality performance. In addition, we found that the implementation of maintenance activities is highly related to organizational supports in terms of cross-functional training for employees and shop-floor information feedback.

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The knowledge-based management theory developed by Nonaka has been highly appreciated worldwide and proved to be an effective model for Asian countries. In this study, a case of a successful ODA project in Vietnam is analyzed based on knowledge-based management theory. The study found that the knowledge created in the Project was the product of SECI process, and multi-layered “ba” was an important factor for its success. All the stakeholders and related parties took their parts in the knowledge creating process. This management model has addressed some common shortcomings of many organizations in Vietnam, which is the lack of active and effective participation of members. These findings contribute as an important evidence for further application of knowledge based management not only to firms but also to other organizations, and especially to ODA projects.

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Value-based differentiation is regarded as a key to providing business solutions. However, there is relatively little research that focuses on the value creation process between providers and customer firms. This paper explores the value creation process by offering solutions, and identifies the conditions effective for the process. A longitudinal case study of Seven-Eleven Japan and NRI (Nomura Research Institute) was employed as an instrumental case study, using retail solutions as a research site. The results showed that the influencing conditions of effective solution offerings are regarded as a relational and reciprocal process. The authors found that value is offered to customers through developed knowledge gained from relational exchanges between suppliers and customer firms, while, in addition, suppliers also gain “relationship value” through safeguarding its own technological investment. Indirect effects are also found when a dyadic relationship has created customer value through a long-term relationship.

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本稿の目的は，トライアドの情報処理モデルを用いて，生産財開発における提案のあり方を検討することにある．トライアドの情報処理モデルとは，生産財メーカーと消費財メーカーだけでなく消費者を含めた三者間の関係を想定し，設計情報の流れを図式化したものである．生産財開発の場合，顧客である消費財メーカーが専門知識を有し，必要とする生産財のコンセプトやスペックを提示できるケースが多いので，顧客の指示に従えばよいと考えがちである．しかし，時折消費財メーカーが消費者ニーズの翻訳を誤ることがある．この場合，生産財メーカーはどのようなタイミングでどんな内容の提案を行っているのだろうか．本稿では，事例分析に基づいてその提案プロセスを明らかにするとともに，「ダイナミックな評価能力」の重要性を指摘する．この能力は，「生産財メーカーが，製品開発の過程で自社製品が組み込まれる顧客製品の機能要件を，エンドユーザー (消費者)のニーズの視点から評価することで獲得しうる知識・能力であり，再評価の結果，業務範囲の拡大・縮小を柔軟に遂行しうる知識・能力」である．生産財メーカーが提案をより効果的に進めるためには，この能力の蓄積・活用が重要であると考えられる．

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生活消費財などを扱う組織小売業者に納品する納入業者は，かつて小売業者の各店舗まで配送を請け負っていた．現在，組織小売業の多くは自社物流センターを運営しており，納入業者の納品を物流センターまでとした．一般に生活消費財の納入価格はこれまで本体価格と物流コストを区別せずに決められてきた．これを背景に物流センターを経由する現方式でも従来の納入価格による商取引が継続されている．一方，物流センターから各店舗までの配送費用はセンター利用名目とするセンターフィーとして納入業者から徴収している．ただし，センターフィーの不明な算定基準等から納入業者の収益が圧迫され，この制度による利益享受が組織小売業者のみに限られているとの問題が指摘されている．本研究では，数学モデルを通じてセンターフィーの物流システムへの影響を明らかにし，さらにセンターフィー制度の合理性の検討を経て，適正な商取引の運用条件について言及する．

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