It was shown that the salt and hard water tolerance, and precipitation phase boundary behavior of spiculisporic acid salts were different from monobasic fatty acid soaps. It was demonstrated that spiculisporic acid salts showed considerable surface activities even in the presence of sodium and Ca₂₊ in spite of anionic surfactants. These characteristics and the significant difference of precipitation phase boundary may be attributed to the difference of the hydrophilicity caused by carboxylic, carboxylate, and lactone moieties due to the extent of neutralization or saponification degrees of spiculisporic acid to mono-, di-, to tri-sodium salt.

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Novel bis [quaternary amidoammonium] salts were easily prepared by reactions of 2- (acylamino) ethyldimethylamine with epichlorohydrin and should prove chemically hydrolyzable due to amido groups in the lipophilic chains. Surface-active properties were determined and compared with those of 2- (acylamino) ethyltrimethylammonium chloride, and mono- and bis [quaternary alkylammonium] salts. Bis [quaternary amidoammonium] salts each possessing 10 to 14 carbon atoms in the acyl chain showed good water solubility. Cmc of 1, 3-bis [2- (dodecanoylamino) ethyldimethylammonio] -2-hydroxy-propane dichloride was smaller by about one order of magnitude than that of 2- (dodecanoylamino) ethyltrimethylammonium chloride with the same acyl chain length, and smaller by about two orders than that of conventional dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride. The bis [quaternary amidoammonium] salts showed lower surface tension at cmc (γ_cmc) than other mono- and bis [quaternary alkylammonium] salts. Foaming ability and foam stability of bis [quaternary amidoammonium] salts having dodecanoyl or tetradecanoyl group in the lipophilic chain were quite high.

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Three novel neogala series glycosphingolipids each containing one or two glucose residues were isolated and purified from the earthworm, Pheretima sp. Their chemical structures were determined to be Glc α 1-4 Gal β 1-6 Gal β 1-Cer (glucosylneogalabiaosylceramide), Glc α 1-4 Gal β 1-6 Gal β 1-6 Gal β 1-Cer (glucosylneogalatriaosylceramide) and Glc α 1-4 Gal β 1-6 (Glc α 1-4) Gal β 1-6 Gal β 1-Cer (diglucosylneogalatriaosylceramide) based on the results of compositional analysis, methylation analysis, acid hydrolysis, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. The ceramide components were behenic and lignoceric acids as the major fatty acids, and octadeca-4-sphingenine and its branched homologue as the sphingoid bases.

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Phosphate esters of calix [4] resorcinarenes each bearing four alkyl side chains ([4] Ar5P-R_n) were evaluated as a solubilizing agent and usefulness for dyeing. [4] Ar5P-R_n was oriented toward the surface of water or benzene-water interface. [4] Ar5P-R₈ lessened surface tension and [4] Ar5P-R₁₆ reduced interfacial tension. [4] Ar5P-R_n showed high solubilization for organic compounds such as benzene, β-naphthol, and dye, particularly so at high concentrations near cmc. The solubilization capacity by [4] Ar5P-R_n decreased in greater size of the organic compounds, as well as alkyl chain length in [4] Ar5P-R_n had effect on solubilization capacity for the organic compounds. [4] Ar5P-R₁₆ was the most effective solubilizing agent, i. e. 500-fold molar benzene was dissolved in [4] Ar5P-R₁₆ at a solubility limit of 1×10^-4 M. Dyes also dissolved in [4].Ar5P-R_n solution and acetate rayon could be dyed effectively using [4] Ar5P-R₈ to assist the dyeing. The solubilization for the organic compounds may possibly be due to the formation of finely dispersed colloidal particles or a microemulsion.

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The fluorescence-quenching of pyrene using 1, 1, 2, 2-tetrahydroheptadecafluorodecylpyridinium chloride (HFDePC) was studied in mixed micelles comprised of anionic fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon surfactants. HFDePC quenched pyrene emission in hydrocarbon pure micelles in the same manner as hexadecylpyridinium chloride (CPC) quencher. However, HFDePC failed almost entirely to quench in fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon mixtures at higher surfactant concentrations in contrast to the CPC quencher. The lost quenching of only HFDePC would probably have been due to the formation of second type micelles rich in fluorocarbon surfactant. Collisions between pyrene and HFDePC have been inhibited during the life span of excited pyrene due to the separated solubilization of probes into two kinds of mixed micelles. Quenching in mixed micelles increased with temperature due to greater miscibility between fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon species.

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Repeated transesterification of tuna orbital oil with polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) consists of 90% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and icosapentaenoic acid (EPA) was examined to prepare physiologically beneficial polyunsaturated triacylglycerol (PUFA-TG). The reaction was conducted under 60°C for 7.5 h with lipozyme, an immobilized lipase originated from Rhizomucor miehei, in combination with ethyleneglycol (EG) or propyleneglycol (PG) as alternatives for essential water which is indispensable to the activation of enzyme.
Supercritical fluid extraction technique with carbon dioxide at 7 mL/min, 120 kg/cm² was very effective in removing fatty acids from the substrate oil remained in the transesterified reaction mixture.
Through the proposed triplicate transesterification process, PUFA-TG with 90% PUFA (75% DHA and 15% EPA) was obtained. This was a drastic increase compared to that of the original oil which contained 40% of PUFA.
Employing glycols such as EG or PG instead of essential water in the transesterification process was extremely beneficial in preventing unfavorable hydrolytic side reaction. For this reason, the recovery of PUFA-TG was fairly increased.

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Polyunsaturated phospholipid was prepared by the transacylation of soy phospholipid with polyunsaturated monoacylglycerol comprised primarily of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and icosapentaenoic acid (EPA) using microbial lipase from Candida cylindracea. The polyunsaturated monoacylglycerol could be used in place of essential water for inducing enzyme activity and also as a polyunsaturated acyl donor.
A non-aqueous system was found better for preparing polyunsaturated phospholipid than an aqueous system with respect to the transacylation ratio and recovery of phospholipid. Optimum conditions for the non-aqueous system were as follows : 3 g soy phospholipid, 8.4 g polyunsaturated monoacylglycerol (acyl ratio of soy phospholipid to polyunsaturated monoacylglycerol 1 : 3), 0.7 g lipase, 5 mL hexane, and 48h at 37°C with magnetic stirring.
Under these conditions, phospholipid with 32.5% polyunsaturated fatty acid content could be prepared with 87.6% of recovery by repeating the reaction twice.

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Free radical-induced oxidation of an anti-ischemic agent, 3-methyl-l-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one (MCl-186) gave 2-oxo-3- (phenylhydrazono) -butanoic acid as the final product via 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-4, 5-dione and 4-hydroxy-4- (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-on-4-yl) -3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one as intermediates regardless of the free radical source. The mechanism for product formation is discussed.

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Lipids were extracted from Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollen, which causes allergy in the spring. Determination was made of its fatty acids.
The major fatty acids found present were C_{16 : 0}, C_{18 : 0}, C_{18 : 1} n-9, C_{18 : 2} n-6, C_{18 : 3} n-3, C_{20 : 0}, C_{20 : 3} n-6 and C_{20 : 4} n-6. The majority of total polyenoic acids in neutral and compound lipid fractions was the n-6 type.
These n-6 type fatty acids including C_{20 : 4} n-6 may function as precursors of lipid mediators in the inducement of cedar pollen allergy.

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The decoloration rate of Orange II and Orange G catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase with H₂O₂ increased remarkably in the presence of activators such as p-iodophenol, p-coumaric acid and D-luciferine. Activators provide a practical means for the decoloration of Orange G. p-Iodophenol was found most effective for enhancing the decoloration rate of azo dyes.

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