Antioxidative effect of nitrogen-containing phospholipids was studied using phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) originated from soybeans under the autoxidation of fish oil at 30°C either in non-aqueous or in emulsifying systems. Other amino compounds such as phosphatidyl-monomethylethanolamine (PMME), phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine (PDME), phosphatidylserine (PS), ethylamine, n-butylamine, spermine, and serine were also evaluated for their antioxidative activities.
The nitrogen-containing compounds tested had only a little antioxidative activity comparing with tocopherol mixture.
The remarkable synergistic activity of PE, however, on tocopherols was found in the autoxidation of fish oil in the both systems mentioned above. It was considered that primary amino hydrogen in amino compounds act as an excellent hydrogen radical donor for tocopherols.

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A variety of pigments (β-carotene, vitamin E, etc) can be found in plants and their physiological roles are quite important.
In this study, the tulip was selected as the focal point of attention. Samples were extracted from the petals with water and ethanol and antioxidative and antimicrobial activity was assessed.
Determination was also made of extract content, color, pH, α-tocopherol content and absorption spectra. The antioxidative activity of the water extracts showed the following order : red petals >white petals >yellow petals >purple petals >pink petals, and in the ethanol extracts : purple petal=yellow petals >white petals >red petals. The water and ethanol extracts were antibiotic to essentially the same extent.

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The antioxidative activity and synergistic effects toward mixed tocopherol (Toc) of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and PC concentrated phospholipid (PC-70) prepared from soy phospholipid were investigated using an emulsifying system of refined fish oil/water=3/7 under the autoxidation condition at 30°C.
The antioxidative activity of each phospholipid increased along with the addition amount, and PC activity was the highest in phospholipids tested.
Synergistic effects toward Toc were remarkable with 20% phospholipid addition to the oil substrate, followed by 10%>5%>1%, and PE showed the excellent synergistic effect in any level added than those of corresponding PC and PC-70 levels.
The antioxidative activity of phospholipid was stronger in the presence of water-soluble radical initiator than in the oil-soluble radical initiator.

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The structures and physical properties of branched long chain bases of sphingolipids in the lipid bilayer of Euhadra hickonis were investigated.
From the analytical results of GC and GC/MS, the structure of the main branched long chain base of E. hickonis was 2-amino-16-methyl-octadecene-1, 3-diol.
In the mass spectra of the aldehydes and methyl ethers derived from branched long chain bases, it was shown that the fragment ions at m/z 56 and 70 were characteristic of iso-and anteiso-structures, respectively, from the heats of formation of those fragment ions by molecular orbital calculation using AM1 and PM 3.
The molecular mechanics of the methyl ether and fatty acid methyl ester derived from branched long chain bases were studied using MM 2. As the results, anteiso form in the hydrocarbon chains of long chain bases were confirmed to increase the lipid bilayer fluidity.
From the evolutional and biological aspects of Pulmonata and Opisthobranchia in gastropoda, long chain bases of sphingolipids from Aplysia juliana in Opisthobranchia were also investigated.

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Examination was made of ceramide monohexosides (CMH) and sphingophosphonolipids (SPnL) from the viscera of Hemifusus ternatanus.
H. ternatanus belongs to Prosobranchia in animal classification, and is a popular sea snail in evolutional and biological respects.
Conjugated lipids were extracted with chloroform-methanol (2 : 1, by vol) following the method for simple lipids with acetone. CMH and SPnL as main sphingolipids were separated and purified using a silicic acid column. The purified sphingolipids were identified by TLC, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB/MS), analysis of the degradation products and quantitative analysis of sugar, long chain base, phosphorus and fatty acid ester.
CMH consisted primarily of galactosylceramides (Gal-Cer), according to GC analysis of sugar in the water-soluble components. SPnL consisted of ceramide aminoethylphosphonate (CAEP) and ceramide N-methylaminoethylphosphonate (CMAEP) at 73 : 27 in positive ion mode FAB/MS and 93 : 7 in negative ion mode FAB/MS.. From GC analysis, the water-soluble component was mostly 2-amino-ethylphosphonic acid (AEP).
The major fatty acids of Gal-Cer were 2-hydroxyhexadecanoic (43.7%) and 2-hydroxyheptadecanoic acids (11.4%), and that of CAEP, hexadecanoic acid (64.1%). The ratio of non-hydroxy fatty acid to 2-hydroxy fatty acid was 1 : 3 in Gal-Cer and 8 : 1 in CAEP.
The major long-chain bases of Gal-Cer were C₁₈-sphingatrienine (17.9%) and C₁₈-sphinga-dienine (14.4%), and of CAEP, C₁₈-sphingatrienine (17.6%) and C₁₆-sphingosine (17.2%). The long chain bases of these sphingolipids in most cases were unsaturated long chain bases.
The most remarkable analytical result for the sphingolipids obtained from viscera of H. ternatanus was the finding of the large number of even-numbered unsaturated long chain bases and trienic dihydroxy bases as d18 : 3, d19 : 3 and d21 : 3.

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Sorbitan laurate (SL) and co-polymer of alkyl-methacrylate and carboxybetaine-methacrylate (MBME) were added to ethanol solution of glyceryl pentadecanoate (PDG) to stabilize the supersaturation (or prevent precipitation) of PDG. From on ethanol solution of 0.079 mol/kg PDG, 0.057 mol/kg SL and 5.7 ×10^-6mol/kg MBME, no precipitation of PDG occurred beyond 700 d.
The average diameter of particles composed of PDG, SL and MBME was determined as 27 nm in ethanol solution. The effects of combination of SL and MBME on the crystallization of PDG from ethanol were concluded due to the following ; Alkyl groups of SL and PDG are surrounded by sorbitan group of SL and glyceride group of PDG to form small aggregates of SL and PDG. These aggregates may have affinity forward ethanol. The hydrophobic group of MBME may combine with the aggregates of PDG and SL to, consequently disturbing their growth.

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Crossed aldol condensation reactions are indispensable to the formation of C-C bonds in organic synthesis.
Examination was made of these reactions between benzaldehyde (1) and 2-butanone (2) using as solid base catalysts several fluoride salts supported on various inorganic solids.
Potassium fluoride supported on activated alumina-neutral (KF/A₂O₃-neutral) was found to be a factor in the crossed aldol condensation of 1 with 2. By this catalyst, various aromatic aldehydes with ketones could be used in the synthesis chalcones and distyryl ketones.

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Various adducts were prepared by reactions of amino acids with acid chlorides, and examined for antirust and other characteristic properties. Aqueous solutions of N-acyl leucine and N-acylglutamic acid salts with triethanolamine showed antirust and antiwear properties forward water-based cutting fluids to be quite satisfactory.

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