In this paper, we discuss the problems of disaster prevention measures in Japan in terms of tsunami evacuation after the Great East Japan Earthquake. The three problems are pointed out.
 The first problem is "estimationism" of disaster prevention countermeasures in administrative. From now on, required disaster prevention is not to put an assumption as a precondition. In most cases, it is focused disproportionately on worst-case scenario or limited to assumption. We should take the every case into consideration and think about how to act, we should create a norm of evacuation.
 The second problem is "spiritualism" of tsunami evacuation. It is not easy for many people to evacuate in tsunami disaster. This is not such a problem can be solved only by preparedness and some kinds of spirit such as "Evacuation" and people's consciousness regarding disaster prevention. But regarding those problems concerned "Evacuation", spiritualism which drew a conclusion that those suffered from Tsunami are lack of sense for danger is popular. But That wouldn't be solving the problem. It is important to take not only non-structual measures but also structual measures.
 The third problem is "hypothecism". Many offisicals and researchers make hypotheses under the wrong recognition of fact about tsunami evacuation made by media discourse or their preconceived opinions. We should conduct thorough survey and analysis in detail of tsunami evacuation behaviors and the other behaviors of the Great East Japan Earthquake.
 We need to overcome these problems to save more people.

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 Recently flood disaster has been more serious because a localized torrential downpour has occurred frequently. So the importance of flood hazard map has been increased in disaster prevention. However, existing flood hazard maps seem to have some problems, because the making of flood hazard map is left to each municipality, and the guidelines is not always clear. In this study, we performed a questionnaire survey with disaster management leaders of 46 municipalities in the Ishikari river basin. Also, we classified the cities/towns in the Ishikari river basin according to their characteristics of topography and considered the flood disaster type by the characteristics of topography. The problems and improvements on flood hazard maps became clear from these results.

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 It was thought that The inland waters flooding is generated earlier than the flooding of the river. We computed the flood flow in inland and tried to provide criteria of evacuation judgment in districts. We estimated inundation risk by using index of human loss. As results, if residents in almost districts evacuates to second floor in house and high building, they can protect themselves lives., we decided the criteria of evacuation judgment considered with the characteristics of flood plain.

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 For the refuge countermeasure of people in need of aid during disasters, the means of evacuation conduct by automobile and evacuation behavior which depends on the geographic condition of the region should be examined from both sides of hard and soft disaster prevention. In this study, firstly from the survey on the actual preparation of old people to the disaster, the necessity of evacuation guidance by automobile in aging society is clarified. Secondry, Using the simulation which could reproduce the evacuation behavior by walking and cars, evacuation guidance methods by car for the vulnerable person in the disaster are discussed on the road circumstance of the region.

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 This paper discusses transportation network reliability in time of disaster and the evaluation of emergency conveyance service framework. Analyzing the present condition of an emergency business, in this study we examine the optimal location of fire stations and first-aid station. We propose an accessibility indicator of the travel time reliability to the urgent medical institution of an ambulance. In this paper, the above method is applied to Nagano urban area. In the experimental study, we verified location of fire stations and first-aid station affects a limit time to life-saving. We confirmed accessibility indicator practicality.

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 The aftermath of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami affected port and harbors in each place, for example, the transportation of container, fuel, and feed. This paper describes the results of investigation about the influence of the earthquake and tsunami in 2011 upon ports in each place. This paper describes the key point of business continuity plan at port and harbor.

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 In this study, we extracted a problem from the correspondence such as the suffering cities, towns and villages in the East Japan great earthquake disaster. We reexamined the system of the cities, towns and villages after the disaster, the way of intelligence, joint ownership,and the dispatch. We examine the need of the way of thinking of the DCP on the occasion of the way of cities, towns and villages BCP and the development as the action plan that the effectiveness is possible at the time of a disaster.

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 In the future, huge damages occurred caused by great earthquakes along the Nankai trough. Referring to the lessons of the Eastern Japan Great Earthquake, there is a risk of damage over a wide area, as well as individual organizations, the region become to be dysfunctional. Kagawa Prefecture is expected as a base for disaster prevention of the Shikoku region, it is necessary to develop a District Continuity Plan (DCP) as soon as possible.In this study, we examined the efforts of making of the Business Continuity Plan (BCP) of companies in Kagawa prefecture after the Eastern Japan Great Earthquake in comparison of the similar survey in 2008. We refer to changes in survey results, and then considere the problems and their answers.

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 Building damages and human damages occurred at several universities in the Tohoku and northern Kanto region in the Great East Japan Earthquake. In addition, the issues of business continuity, such as university entrance exam schedule change has occurred also at the universities which were not affected so much by this disaster. Since the risk of the huge disaster such as the Nankai earthquake increases, it is important that increasing the business continuity ability for a national university corporation. In this paper, we arranged the disaster situation of the universities in the Great East Japan Earthquake and analyzed the issues in the post-disaster recovery. We reported the business continuity planning initiatives which were promoted in the University of Tokushima.

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 The Tokai Nederland Storm Surge- Big Flood Regional Authority was established to scrutinise large scale pre-storm evacuation for super typhoons with regard to the downstream Kiso-Sansen and Ise Bay lowland areas. Therefore, six public elementary schools were chosen from Nakagawa, Minato and Minami wards within Nagoya city, which had been damaged during the Ise Bay typhoon. Parents of fifth and sixth year students were asked to participate in a survey. The results of the survey raised several concerns. We cannot anticipate smooth evacuation due to limited awareness of large scale pre-storm evacuation itself. Traffic congestion and parking counter-measures must be considered as we predict most families will end up travelling by car to nearby shelters which are in danger of flooding. Furthermore, the timing of the announcement is important, as the start time of the evacuation may differ due to the typhoon landing time.

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 In preparation for possible Nankai and Tonankai earthquake, it is necessary to transmit the refuge information to many residents in Shikoku District. The tsunami evacuation advisory was issued by the Uwakai coast of Ehime Prefecture in the Great East Japan Earthquake in March, 2011. Authors carried out the questionnaire for the administration about evacuation advisory communication of information, voluntary antidisaster organizations, and residents in these areas. After then,we investigated the present condition of the wireless disaster prevention information system in the region. In those results, the problem and subject of each administration became clear. However each administration are performing maintenance in the form united with the area. Lastly, the future view of the public information system was described.

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 It is important that three elements such as what happened, how it will advance, and how people should act are intelligibly transferred in disaster information from administrative organs to local residents. In this paper, authors developed the fixed phrase registration function and it was implemented in disaster response management system authors have previously developed. The system was applied to disaster response exercise in Mitsuke City, Niigata prefecture and the funtion was highly evaluated by employees of Mitsuke City.

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 The Eastern Japan great earthquake was an unprecedented, large-scale regional disaster. In this disaster, the earthquake of the seismic intensity 7 occurred, the massive blackout happened because of the tsunami raid, and the Tohoku region suffered the great damage. The information transfer system that was an important lifeline was cut off. As a result, resident's safety confirmation and the confirmation of the damage situation are impossible, the emergency response is delayed, and damage has expanded. Moreover, prompt restoration and the contingency planning will be greatly inhibited, and a lot of problems to be solved will be given in the future. This paper describes questionnaire survey and interview reports for the administration and the fire fighting institution in Miyagi and Iwate Prefectures, which had been attacked by the earthquake and huge tsunami. The questionnaires have been sent to about 130 addresses and interviews have been done for 4 different offices of the two prefectures. The paper also demonstrates analytical results of questionnaires and categorized review of all the interviews. Our questionnaires and interviews are focused on the disaster prevention information transfer system and its behaviors during an real disaster such as the earthquake and tsunami described before.

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 Falling accidents are a serious problem in the construction industry in Japan. Approximately 40% of fatal construction accidents are caused by falls. Therefore, Japan has introduced and strictly enforces counter-measures to reduce falls from scaffolds with various safety guidelines, e.g., the Guideline for Preceding Guardrail (Advanced Guardrail) Installation Method for work requiring scaffold assembling and dismantling. These countermeasures have resulted in a reduction in fatalities caused by workers falling from scaffolds. However, the rate of fatal accidental falls is still high in the construction industry. In order to examine fur-ther countermeasures to reduce such falls, the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare established a committee at the authors' institute to evaluate various construction methods according to present safety guidelines. From the results and the discussion, the Guideline for Advanced Guardrail Installation Method was amended in 2009. However, it was discovered that this method is not widely used, especially for system scaffolds due to a low working property of the methods. Therefore, in this study, other assembling and dis-mantling method for system scaffolds were examined for the safety work experimentally. From the results of the experiments, the safety method by using a safety harness was proposed.

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 The Japanese Occupational Safety and Health Law was revised in March 2009 to incorporate preventative measures against fall accidents in construction. Along with this revision, a new regulation was enforced to ensure the presence of guardrails, etc. in scaffolds. As many of these devices were incorporated in only one side of the scaffolds, the latter were subjected to an eccentric load. Although the allowable live load and other aspects of scaffolds are regulated by the recommendations for design, the new law renders these recommendations somewhat ineffective because they were framed for conventional scaffolds. In this study, the buckling load of the vertical frame subjected to an eccentric load is examined by both a experiment and the equation method. Through a comparison of these two approaches, it is ascertained that the results of the equation method correspond well to those of the experiment. Therefore, the validity of the equation method is confirmed. The buckling load of the vertical frame decreases as the ratio of the eccentric load increases. The results recommend that scaffolds be designed by taking the eccentric load into consideration when the guardrail, etc. is incorporated in only one side of the scaffolds.

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 In this study, we grasped flood disaster prevention knowledge contents, and analyzed between acquisition of flood disaster prevention knowledge and damage to housing by a interview survey and questionnaire survey. As the results Firstly, Flood disaster prevention knowledge was existence of the river structure, knowledge of the topography of the flood. Secondly, migrants reduced damage to housing when they acquired it more than flood prevention knowledge 4 of 12 items. Thirdly, migrants reduced damage to housing when they acquired both existence of the river structure and knowledge of the topography of the flood. On the other hand, migrants were not able to reduce damage to housing when they acquired either of existence of the river structure and knowledge of the topography of the flood.

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 In the Great East Japan Earthquake, 553 kindergartners, children and students died in three prefectures of Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima. Although about 80 children fell victim in schools such as the Okawa elementary school, more children died in their home or on their way home. On the other hand, many schools were used as an evacuation center just after the disaster, and many school staffs had to set up and manage an evacuation center. Furthermore, they needed to make effort also to the mental health care of the children on different huge business from usual, such as restoration of the school which suffered a great deal of damage. In this paper, it arranged about the subject of the disaster prevention management in educational facilities. After explaining the guideline of the school disaster prevention management revised in Tokushima Prefecture, the spread method of this guideline is reported.

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 At Yokohama National University, the research project for the disaster management for a large-scale earthquake was carried out. In this paper, the results based on the questionnaires for participants in the disaster imagination game and the evacuation drills for a large-scale earthquake were reported. Finally, the authors clarified the lessons for building the effective disaster management system for universities.

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 In recent years, we encountered extensive damage from natural disasters such as the severe rainstorms in the Niigata/Fukushima region in 2004 and 2011, severe rainstorm in Sayo Town, Hyogo Prefecture in 2009, and severe rainstorm in the Kii Peninsula caused by typhoon No.12 in 2011. In addition to the damages to housing and human lives, these storms caused major economic damage by flooding various places such as offices, hospitals, public facilities, and essential utilities. In this study, cases of disaster-affected areas are investigated by focusing on water utilities, which significantly affect the length of the restoration period for other businesses, because they are located along rivers and prone to flood damage. The study discusses the aftermath and issues that water utility operators experience from flood damage and suggests the need for a Business Continuity Plan (BCP) as well as proactive measures that water utility operators should envision.

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 This research is investigated the owner's legal liability of public works associated with labor accidents, and measures of safety activities promoted by government. And actual condition about guidance to the main contractor by owner of public works, involvement of owner for prevention of labor accident, and safety evaluation for bid participant is clarified by questionnaire survey for local government officer in charge of public works. Further the owner's safety activities of public works in the future is considered based on these.

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 It can be said that one of the biggest problems of current disaster education in Japan is the style of communication that is one way from experts to non-experts. In other words, disaster education has been simply defined as an activity that transfers knowledge of disasters and disaster management from experts to non-experts, i.e. general public. However, some recent studies show that even though Japanese public has enough level of knowledge of disasters and disaster management, most of them do not prepare for disasters. In order to make general public understand this reality, chances of collaborative work with experts should be provided as one of the new ways of disaster education.
 There are around 70 disaster education centres in Japan. These education centres provide a way of learning about disasters and disaster management for the visitors through mainly their displays and interactions with the attendants. These centres are usually managed by local fire authorities. And most of the attendees are hired by the authorities or local government etc. This means these centres are run by so-called experts; hence there must be some space for improving these centres from the above-described point of view. In this paper, it is proposed that becoming volunteers can be a way of disaster education from science communication perspective. In addition, in order to prove the feasibility of implementing volunteers in Japanese disaster education centres, an example from the UK is introduced.

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 This paper describes the process of dicision making of disaster mitigation measure in Muraita district, Maibara, Shiga pref. These measures which were consisted by unstructured sheme was conducted with public office and residents. Depth gauges attached in river is provided to contribution to evasuation judgement with observation. Evacuation map was made by residents participated in disaster drill. Moreover, depth signboards were attached to promote the flood risk in this area. This paper shows the importance to decide disaster mitigation measures organically.

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 It is necessary to take the measure against damage by Nankai earthquake in Shikoku. In particular, we are anxious about an outbreak of an earthquake fire in the city area where the timbered house crowded. If wind velocity is large to that at the time of the occurrence of an earthquake, serious damage will occur in it. We think it important to give awareness of disaster prevention by showing residents an earthquake fire risk. In this research, two areas (Marugame in Kagawa Prefecture and Matsuyama in Ehime Prefecture) are targeted. We carried out the questionnaire before and after carrying out fire spreading simulation system presentation in case of a big earthquake to residents, We analyzed statistically that there was change of the consciousness of self-help, mutual aid, and public aid. Finally, the practical use method to the future subject and risk communication of a system is described.

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 The purpose of this study is to discuss the ways of risk management based on the modern significant ancient wisdom for the "community land management" after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan. In this study, we focused on the location of shrines along the coastal area in order to uncover the "profile of space" accumulated in the heart of community. More specifically, a survey about the location of shrines and the damages caused by the tsunami in the coastal area of Miyagi Prefecture showed that many shrines are located at the exact limit flooded area. And by the investigation of the specific deity of each shrines, we discovered a majority of shrines which have roots in Izumo and Hachiman Shrine escaped from the tsunami disaster.

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 In this study, two questionnaire surveys on effective tools for enhancing disaster prevention consciousness of residents were respectively carried out before and behind of the workshop, which is held for the purpose of reform of sense for autonomous disaster prevention action from the administration dependence of inhabitants in the disaster. By investigating from the statistical approaches regarding the causal relation on the prevention tools like hazard map and disaster prevention map raising the disaster prevention consciousness, effective instructional materials are discussed.
 It was proven from these nvestigations that understanding the fragility area in the region by instructional materials such as hazard map of "disaster prevention map of the district" made by inhabitants, was connected for decision making of the autonomous refuge.

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 After 3. 11, the government, communal society, citizens are required combination for the advancement of ability to reduce the damage. With focus attention on children, it's important to share knowledge and information with their parents and disaster prevention education in school. However, there are only disaster drills and trial-and-error of disaster prevention educations by teachers in many schools. In the present study, we examined advantage of our program and Disagreement of awareness of disaster prevention between children and their parents. We practiced the program by attitude survey to children and their parents and introduction of a familiar disaster. As a result, the advantageous effect was confirmed as the betterment of awareness about disaster prevention. And Disagreement of knowledge of evacuation space, route between children and their parents are discovered.

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 This study aims to evaluate the disaster education utilizing questionnaire survey and the pamphlet of disaster considering the survey in slope residential area (Aga and Miyahara district), Kure city. Results indicate that the residents are tendency to learn the accurate knowledge about slope disaster. Yet, it is difficult to change their evacuation activity and consciousness.

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 Although a learning for disaster prevention and a evacuation drill are becoming active after the Great East Japan Earthquake, participants who have not experienced the serious disaster cannot get an actual feeling only by an lecture or a evacuation drill. We developed a new evauation drill named "evacuation simulation game" in order to excite students interest in disaster prevention and made a disaster prevention education mainly at elementary and junior high schools since 2006. From 2011, the emergency drill project using "a evacuation simulation game" is conducted at educational facilities, a neiborhood community association and so on in collaboration with Tokushima Prefecture. The validity and the spread method of this training are reported.

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