The conventional fluoroscopy with a fluoroscopic screen needs good adaptation of eyes before starting examination, still details are lost from the perception. The invention of image intensifier tubes solved the problem. The combination of TV cameras with image intensifier tubes and other applications of TV cameras in X-ray fluoroscopy have been investigated at various institutions in the world since 1951.
Clinical applications of X-ray fluoroscopy proved its usefulness and they are becoming popular in the world.
Various recording methods of the fluoroscopy by X-ray television are reviewed, put emphasis on the advantage of video tape recording.

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Human engineering is also called human factors engineering, time and motion study engineering, biotechnology or ergonomics. Human engineering aims at the rationalization of matching between man and machine. This means that designers of machines have to consider the physiological and psychological characteristics of human beings, and man should be adapted to machine by fitness, education, training, etc. The author would like to explain the outline of human engineering from the standpoints of following six factors; (1) construction and layout from the anthropometrical standpoint, (2) fphysical force and regulation, (3) time and speed, (4) transmitting sensory factor, (5) environment and (6) operational condition. Furthermore, the author explains man-machine systems.

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The development of analog simulation techniques and automatic control theories has enabled us to reveal many complicated characteristics of cardiopulmonary functions. The artificial automatic, adaptive control of impaired cardiac or respiratory functions is also an important point of interest for us. This paper deals with those problems with special reference to the simulation of respiratory dynamical systems, alveolar gas diffusion with the uneven distribution of the ventilation-perfusion ratio, the humoral control of respiration, the cardiovascular haemodynamical system and the circulatory control system. An example of the artificial automatic control of respiration with the feedback signal of mixed venous carbon dioxide partial pressure is also discussed.
The importance of the analog simulation techniques in medicine and the automatic control of human body is emphasized especially for space medicine and other medical problems in unusual environments.

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The studies on the automatic diagnosis of respiratory diseases, particularly lung cancer, were attempted by means of a digital electronic computer. The authors devised the coding of posteroanterior chest roentgen findings, becaus these findings were considered to be an essential key to respiratory disease diagnosis. The roentgenograms were divided into minimal shadow units and the coding of such properties of each unit as localization, shape, size, density, margin homogeneity, number, distribution and concentricity was made. This coding seems to be superior to the routine expression of roentgen findings, because the possibility of misreading of the shadows due to examiners' inexperience or misunderstanding due to different interpretation between individual examiners is much reduced and, therefore, the reproducibility of this coded findings is also improved. Five standard types of reontgen findings of lung cancer and pulmonary tuberculosis were coded by our method and memorized by the digital computer as binary numbers. The roentgenograms of 66 cases of lung cancer and 184 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were also coded by our method and expressed by binary numbers, then typed into the computer, b&ng compared with the stored standard types of the diseases to determine whether these cases were idential with any stored types of diseases or not. 53 per cent of the primary lung cancer were typed out as identical with more than one standard types of both diseases and 37 per cent as identical with more than one standard types of only the lung cancer, thus 90 per cent of the cases of the primary lung cancer were picked up as possible lung cancer. In the cases of the metastatic lung cancer the percentage was not so high. 88.6 per cent of the cases of the pulmonary tuberculosis were also picked up as possible pulmonary tuberculosis. From these results, the proposed method of the coding can be considered adequate to the automatic diagnosis system of the respiratory diseases by means of digital electronic computers.

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X-ray scanning Kymography is a kind of thickness measuring apparatus. It consists of 3 parts, scanner using X-ray microbeam, a couple of X-ray detectors and logarithmic differential amplifier system. The most important feature of this method is its quantitativeness in X-ray diagnosis. The logarithmic differential amplifier enables us to measure the thickness of human body within the error of 0. 1 per cent. Another feature is to record the movement of human organs continuously at any body section. This continuous scanning system enables us to analyze the movement of organs quantitatively. Following clinical applications were developed :
1) Measurement of mineral contents of bones.
2) Measurement of the volume of air, fluid and soft tissue in the body.
3) Quantitative analysis of pulmonary and cardiovascular functions.
4) Quantitative diagnosis using contrast media, for example, esophagus, stomach or urinary bladder, etc.
5) Application to radiotherapy programming.
The details of construction and clinical applications are presented in this paper.

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A new thermoelectric heat exchanger was made for the experimental study of hypothermia induced by blood cooling and warming in extracorporeal circuration. The heat exchanger are composed of ten KEP-3036 thermoelectric panels, each of which consists of 36 “p” and “n” type semiconductor thermo-junctions. Cooling or warming of blood depends on the direction of currents across the junctions and the temperature can be controlled continuously simply by varying or switching on and off the currents applied, and the organ is kept at a suitable temperature for operation thereby. The size of the heat exchanger is 370 mm×120 mm×58 mm, with the priming volume of 120 cc, and it is supplied by a 43 volts, 30 amps dc-source.
We have tested its cooling-warming and temperature-controlling ability using a dog, and it was confirmed that repetitions of mild hypothermia and the maintenance of esophageal temperature at a desired level during operation can be easily obtained. Hemodynamic and metabolic tests, esophageal, rectal and muscular temperature recordings and the determination of blood pH and oxygen saturation showed that the a animal was in a satisfactory condition.
We believe that our thermoelectric heat exchanger can be used for clinical hypothermic operation.

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われわれは, さきに胃筋電図について発表¹⁾ した際に, 人胃の筋電図の管内誘導にとくに興味があるとのべたが, そめ後の研究により, 一種の吸引電極の使用で, これを思ったより容易に記録し得たので, ここに発表する。

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