The limiting current density is of an important parameter in an electrodialysis system, which is the maximum available current density in electro-dialysis procedures. Therefore, it is certainly beneficial to estimate the value of the limiting current density. In this study, the numerical method for estimating the limiting current density is proposed in an electrodialysis with a spacer, which has an important role to mix the ionic solution in term of mass transfer. Moreover, a set of exhaustive experiments for measuring the limiting current density were conducted in order to examine validation of the proposed method. It was found that the present numerical method agrees well with experimental data.

Ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) use buried pipes to extract heat from the ground and to release heat to the ground. In a conventional GSHP system, which uses an indirect heat exchange method, vertical systems use two long pipes connected by a U-shaped fitting at the bottom of a hole bored in the ground. In contrast, a GSHP that uses a direct expansion method circulates a mixed refrigerant through the ground loop. In the experiment, the depth of the borehole was 30 m, and the refrigerant was R410A. The heat exchanger of a ready-made air-conditioner was replaced by an underground heat exchanger. The underground heat exchanger consisted of narrow copper tubes inserted into the bottom end of a long pipe filled with water. This paper describes preliminary experimental results of the GSHP that uses the direct expansion method applied as an air conditioning of greenhouse.

Atmospheric-pressure dielectric-barrier-discharge (DBD) plasma jets are acknowledged as promising tools for the surface treatment of heat-sensitive materials. Although the surface treatment applications of the plasma jets have been made in various fields, the mechanisms of surface treatment by the plasma jets are not well understood. In this work, we performed spectroscopic measurements in the flows where a DBD helium plasma jet was injected into the atmosphere to obtain a better understanding of the surface treatment mechanisms. It was then found that there exist vibrationally exited N2 and the vibrational temperature of the C state of N2 reaches 2400 K.

The characteristics of air-water two-phase flows in microchannels with rectangular cross sections of 1mm × 0.5mm were investigated experimentally. Two channels with different wall wettability were tested. In Case 1, all the channel walls were treated to be hydrophobic by spray coating. In Case 2, three walls were treated to be hydrophilic and one wall was hydrophobic. It was found that water droplets flowed intermittently in Case 1 while liquid film was formed steadily in Case 2. The mean void fraction in Case 1 was much smaller than that in Case 2, but the pressure drop in Case 1 was almost the same as that in Case 2.

We have characterized the dynamic behavior of the flow velocity field during combustion noise in a swirl-stabilized-type turbulent confined combustor from the viewpoints of statistical complexity and complex-network theory. The multiscale complexity-entropy causality plane clearly shows the possible presence of two dynamics during combustion noise: stochastic dynamics and noisy chaos, in the injector rim region and the shear layer region between outer recirculation region in the dump plate and a vortex breakdown bubble away from the centerbody. The noisy chaotic dynamics is associated with the irregular appearance of the primary hub in the downstream region, which is clearly verified by the turbulence network.

Enhancement of surface binding reactions for a sensitive analyte detection is achieved by an active flow control technique by local Joule heating of the liquid. The controlled flow occurs as the electrothermal (ET) flow and the reaction dynamics to evaluate the effect of the ET flow on the reaction enhancement was investigated through simulation and experiment. As a result, it is found that the ET flow can enhance the reaction significantly at a specific spot by delivering analytes intensively to the spot.

In-site observation of the crystal growth of compound from supercooled melt were conducted using salicylic acid-acetamide solution with the aim to gain a basic understanding of solidification process related to a functional material processing. In the experiment, the crystal growth and its morphology were investigated by varying degree of supercooling and temperature gradient. Based on the experimental results, the growth mechanism of facet-shape compound crystal was discussed in relation to the temperature and concentration fields. It was found that the growth velocity in the axis crystal direction became smaller when temperature gradient was larger, and the velocity in the width direction was controlled by degree of supercooling because of the interfacial kinetics.

In the decommissioning of the Fukushima Dai-ich nuclear power plant, the long-term safe storage of fuel debris is necessary. In this process, hydrogen generates by radiolysis of water due to radiation of fuel debris. Therefore, reducing the concentration of hydrogen.is important to ensure the safety of the storage container. Then, it was proposed that the generated hydrogen and the existed oxygen in the container are recombined with the passive autocatalytic recombiner (PAR) installed in the container and returned to water. Basic study was performed to confirm the effectiveness of a small sealed container with PAR on reduction of the hydrogen concentration.

A shape optimization method of three dimensional thermo-elastic fields using Freefem++ and Gmsh is presented. Freefem++ is a software to solve partial differential equations based on the finite element method. Gmsh is a software to make models and meshes for finite element analysis by using GUI or CUI. In this paper, shape optimization of three dimensional thermo-elastic fields for stiffness maximizing problem and displacement control problem is proposed. Reshaping is accomplished using a traction method that was proposed as a solution to the shape optimization method. Numerical programs for the three dimensional shape optimization problems are developed based on Freefem++ and Gmsh, and the validity of the proposed method is confirmed by the results of 3D numerical analyses.

Recently, researches and developments of printable heaters having high stretchability and flexibility are advanced. Such heaters are easy to incorporate into clothing and so on, and because they also fit threedimensional curved surfaces, it is expected to be used for wearable devices. Thermal radiation properties is needed for infrared thermography, which is frequently used for the measurement of the temperature distribution of the heaters. Thus, this study reports the result of measuring the emittance when stretching a prototype highly-stretchable heater.

This paper describes evaluation of rate-determining factor of methane hydrate (MH) dissociation by transient interfacial heat and mass transfer measurement. The rate-determining factor for MH dissociation is important for understanding the production of methane gas from the natural hydrate in the sea bed. In this study, heat and mass transfer near solid-gas interface during MH dissociation was quantitatively measured with high-speed phase-shifting interferometer to evaluate the rate-determining factors of dissociation. It was found that the dissociation phenomenon is reaction rate-determining or the transition region from reaction rate-determining to diffusion rate- determining.

This study examined flow rate dependence of treatment efficiency in TiO2 photocatalystreactor. The photoreactor made of TiO2 immobilized fluoropolymer beads which has the same refractive index of water. The methylene blue aqueous solution was circulated and decomposed to evaluate the performance of the reactor. As a result, when changing the flow rate per reactor from 0.0125 L / min to 0.42 L / min, the pseudo first order reaction constant increased by 1.67 times. Also, the Reynolds number in the reactor was calculated and the relation with the pseudo first order reaction constant was examined.

This paper describes heat transfer characteristics of a water flow in an explosive compression porous copper pipes. Experiments with a double-pipe heat exchanger are conducted with four porous copper pipes having different porosities and pore diameters to evaluate the heat transfer performance in a water flow. The results show that the heat transfer coefficient is much higher than that of a circular pipe flow especially in the low flow velocity regime and is 2.5 times at the maximum. It is confirmed that the present porous copper pipes have an advantage below the pumping power of 10 W/m, though the pressure loss of the porous pipes increased up to 28 times compared to that of the circular pipe.

We report a dramatic and irreversible reduction in the lattice thermal conductivity of bulk-crystalline Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) when subjected to intense plastic strain under a pressure of 24 GPa using high-pressure torsion (HPT). Thermal conductivity measurements show that the HPT-processed samples have a lattice thermal conductivity reduction by a factor of approximately 6 (from intrinsic single crystalline value of 42 Wm^-1 K^-1 to approximately 7 Wm^-1 K^-1). Thermal conductivity reduction in HPT-processed GaAs is attributed to the formation of nanograin boundaries and metastable phases which act as phonon scattering sites, and because of a large density of lattice defects introduced by HPT processing. Annealing the samples at 873 K increases the thermal conductivity due to the reduction in the density of secondary phases and lattice defects.

Spectral control of near-field radiation transfer from Metal-Insulator-Metal (MIM) structured emitter made of Ni and SiO2 to Metal-Semiconductor-Metal (MSM) structured Thermo-photovoltaic (TPV) cell made of GaSb semiconductor and Au is studied using Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method. As the simulation result, enhancement of near-field thermal radiation flux is observed among near infrared radiation range for GaSb TPV cell, 1.0~1.6μm, mainly by the structure of MIM emitter. In addition, inside of GaSb is partially stimulated by MIM emitter and MSM structures.

Since the nucleation of bubble and its growth affect the boiling heat transfer, estimation of such process is essential for the accurate prediction of the heat transfer. In this study, molecular dynamics simulation was performed in order to clarify the effect of the solid-liquid slip adjacent of contact line on the bubble growth. The simulation results show that the slip condition of the wall surface hardly affects the bubble growth because of fluid velocity due to evaporation in liquid-gas interface.

We produced a functional surface for restraining the solidification of water droplets by bonding antifreeze polypeptides to the surface. In this study, by various protein immobilization methods, we produced the glass surfaces bonded with antifreeze polypeptides. In order to examine the anti-icing ability, we measured ice adhesin strength to the surface. It was found that a positive correlation between ice adhesion force and the cooling surface temperature can be seen irrespective of the immobilization methods. I thought because the electrostatic interaction declined by the large dielectric constant of pure water and the shielding effect of the polypeptide.

A nanoparticle flow cytometer that can detect particles of the order of 10 nm by combining the heterodyne interferometry and the lock-in detection has been developed. Employment of a beam expander and an objective lens with greater magnification than our previous report can contribute to enhance the resulting S/N ratio by the factor of six and to improve the detection limit of the system from 200 nm to 20 nm (gold particles). Moreover, detections of particles made of different material were performed.

In thermoelectric power generation, the figure of merit ZT is determined by the thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient of the material, and various methods for reducing the thermal conductivity have been studied previously. In the present study, improvement of the equivalent ZT value by using forced convection of the fuel gas mixture along the thermoelectric legs is investigated with a series of analysis and the effects of various parameters are examined.

In parallel channel systems with multi-branches structure is anticipated peculiar behaviours in flow distribution and dynamic behaviour, i.e. oscillation mode. In this study, the influence of a parallel channel configuration on the stability of flow oscillations was investigated. An experiment was conducted with a single channel, two parallel channels (Single Unit) and two parallel units having two parallel channels in each, consequently four parallel channels (Parallel Units). The results show that similar phenomena were observed between the Single Unit and Parallel Units. Although Single Unit is slightly more stable than Parallel Units, the threshold of flow instability has been estimated by using a modified G.Guido’s method.

This paper describes the development of the temperature-distribution measurement method by D-LIF using disodium fluorescein only. In the proposed method, the temperature was determined using the ratio of the narrowband-wavelength intensity of fluorescence of disodium fluorescein. At first, the spectrum intensity of fluorescein was obtained by the spectroscope. The result shows that using the intensity ratio of 500nm/520nm is suitable. Next, we use two monochrome cameras with the band-pass filter. The relation of ratios and temperature was similar for the result of stereoscopic. In addition, temperature resolution was discussed.

This paper described the development of measurement method of temperature distribution utilizing thermo-chromic liquid crystal, TLC. In the proposed method, temperature was determined using the ratio of scattered light intensities at narrow band blue wavelengths on TLC. Images of light intensity were captured by two monochrome cameras with band-path filters, and these cameras were set to Scheimpflug configurations. The result shows that the temperature for the maximum value of scattered light intensity was differed by the effect of the elevation angle of the camera in comparison for the result of the previous method. In the proposed method, the widest measurable temperature range was 14-44°C using the combination of 436nm/405nm. The uncertainty of the proposed method was improved than previous method.

This paper describes boiling heat transfer performance of a lotus-type porous copper plate attached onto a grooved heat transfer surface in a saturated pool. The boiling heat transfer experiments are conducted under atmospheric conditions using water as cooling liquid. The lotus copper has uni-directional pore structure in a perpendicular direction to the heated surface, and the average pore diameter and the thickness are 0.49 mm and 2.0 mm, respectively. The boiling curves prove that the utilization of larger size of groove leads to the improvement of the critical heat flux. The critical heat flux in the case of the groove width of 1.0 mm reach is 517 W/cm².

A novel high-performance electret for energy harvesting is developed with the aid of quantum chemical analysis. Density functional theory is adopted to analyze molecular electron affinity and distribution of trapped electron in a single molecule of amorphous fluorinated polymer CYTOP with different end groups. Among end groups examined, one forming the amide bond has higher electron affinity than other CYTOP electrets. Actual polymer electret is formed by adding Tris(2-aminoethyl)amine into CTX-A with the carboxy group. It is found in the thermally stimulated discharge experiments that the peak temperature of the newly developed material is much higher than that of CYTOP EGG, which is known as the best polymer electret, showing higher thermal stability of charges than CYTOP EGG.

To comprehend the global seawater movement is important in clarifing the mechanism of global warming. Therefore, densities of seawater all over the oceans become important parameters. However, the precise data of density for seawater is not sufficient. As for TEOS-10 which is the exsisting thermodynamic equation of state for seawater, its uncertainty of density is 0.005 g/kg, but that of 0.001 g/kg is required. In this study, the measurement of density for seawater are conducted by hydrostatic weighting method. To obtain the precise data, the considerations on the procedure of measurement method are also reported.

The downward liquid supply interrupt to the heated surface due to strong upward vapor flow during a pool boiling on a flat surface, known as hydrodynamic liquid-choking limit, triggers critical heat flux (CHF) phenomenon. Here, we study a new CHF enhancement technique where we can separate the directions of the liquid and vapor paths to overcome the hydrodynamic liquid-choking limit. We fabricated a three-dimensional copper porous structure by sintering of copper particles. The pool boiling results confirm that the generated vapors are successfully vented from the side of the structure as we expected. The maximum CHF was 2.9 MW/m² that is 2.4 times larger than the CHF on a flat copper surface.

To increase the density of electric power generation in thermophotovoltaic(TPV) system, an electricity generation experiment was conducted with InGaAs TPV cell and thermal radiation emitter made of tungsten with the cyclic pillar-array structured surface, facing each other in 100 nm. The nano-scaled gap is created by inserting SiO₂ spacers. The experimental results did not show the density of electric power generation is getting to increase in near-field but showed the increment of electric power generation due to the pillar-array structure. Furthermore, the heat transport quantity by near-field radiation and electric power generation were simulated numerically and compared with experimental results.

Microbubble emission boiling (MEB), which is observed in high subcooling temperature condition, is a promising technology because the maximum heat flux of MEB is higher than that of ordinary critical heat flux (CHF). Copper heating surfaces have been typically used in MEB researches. However, the MEB characteristics with plating metal surface is not cleared. Therefore, in this study, subcooled pool boiling using a copper heating surface coated with plating metal was examined. The experimental result found that the MEB characteristics is affected by the material of plating metal.

Boiling heat transfer attracts a lot of attention for cooling technology because it transports a large amount of heat with a low operating power. In particular, subcooled boiling, whose critical heat flux is higher than that of saturated boiling, is expected to be used for cooling of next-generation electronic devices. However, a subcooled liquid is easy to involve non-condensable gases that affects the bubble nucleation and boiling heat transfer. In this study, subcooled pool boiling was examined using water, considering the effect of nitrogen gas dissolved by bubbling. The experimental result found that the onset of microbubble emission boiling is affect by the nitrogen gas bubbling.

Due to the non-Newtonian and viscoelastic properties of molten rubber, it is not easy to numerically analyze the heat and mass transfer in the rubber mixing process. Therefore, the flow field and temperature distribution in the mixing process using a single rotor and model fluid were analyzed by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Laser Induced Fluoresce (LIF), respectively. The obtained results showed that the temperature distribution was dominated by the flow field because the Peclet number of this system was much larger than 1. Furthermore, a characteristic recovery flow due to the viscoelasticity of the model fluid was observed on the trailing edge side of the rotor blade.

This study uses FDS+Evac to simulate fire and evacuation assuming a fire accident in a car tunnel. This study assumes two walking speed conditions and four sprinkler conditions. Then an effect of sprinkler for reducing the number of people who need rescue was analyzed. As a result, it was shown that the condition without sprinkler is the largest number of people who need rescue, and the number decreases as spray particle size decreases. In this calculation, simulation was carried out using FDS+Evac of open source, but reasonable results were obtained. This means that this results demonstrate the possibility to use FDS+Evac for realistic tunnel fire evacuation simulation.

In recent years, the number of houses that introduced photovoltaic power generation has been increasing year by year, and it is considered that the daily range gap of electricity will become bigger. Therefore, we try to reduce the daily range gap of the whole power system by controlling the storage battery of the smart house. In this paper, we will investigate the operation plan of the storage control system with the aim of reducing the daily range gap of the power system. By controlling the storage battery of the proposed system, the supply cost of the conventional power system can be reduced by 23.0 to 61.3% and the equipment cost of the oil-fired power can be reduced by 15.3 billion yen by reducing the peak supply capacity of 77 MW. In addition, CO₂ emissions are reduced by 53,389 tons, and fuel costs for oil-fired power plants can be reduced by about 1.6 billion.

The purpose of this research is to clarify the effect of divergent angle on the characteristics of decompression boiling generated in a two-phase flow nozzle using CO₂ refrigerant. Three types of convergent divergent nozzles with different divergent angle were manufactured. And the mass flow rate in these nozzles were measured by varying the inlet pressure and temperature. Experimental results confirmed that the experimental mass flow rate in the nozzle is almost equal to the critical flow rate of the IHE model. From the visualized image, it was confirmed that the boiling start point shifted to the upstream side from the nozzle throat depending on the inlet conditions.

Bubbles in the boiling on a solid surface is generally generated from the nucleation gas bubble in a small cavity, which is inevitable on the manufactured surface. Increase in the number density of the cavity results in an increased density of the bubble nucleation, leading to a higher heat transfer coefficient. In this study the interactions between neighboring bubbles are investigated in order to clarify its effect on the departure frequency of the bubbles in the pool boiling on the horizontal surface. From the visualization, the liquid flow induced behind the departing bubble should enhance of the departure of the neighboring bubble. The vertical vibration of the bubble also correlated with the departure of the neighboring bubble. The downward motion of the bubble is related with upward motion, that is, the departure of the neighboring bubble.

So far, a method of employing ultrasound irradiation for BDF synthesis has been suggested. However, since a large quantity of water is need to wash the BDF produced, it is very important to develop a new method based on the solid catalysis, by which water-washing is not necessary, At current paper, at first, several zeolite were prepared to increase their basic characteristics. Then the basic characteristics was characterized by using SEM and X-ray diffractometer. Beside, BDF synthesis experiment was carried out by using the selected zeolite based on ultrasonic irradiation. It was found that BDF yield ratio was higher when zeolite A5 was used. Finally the change of BDF yield ratio was investigated when catalyst poisoning occurred.

This paper describes a thermal design of a combination of micro fins and vortex generators (VG) mounted in a narrow flow passage under laminar flow condition. In high-density packaging electronic equipment, in order to conduct cooling of electrical chips, miniature water cooling devices are used. In this research, the heat transfer enhancement of miniature micro fins mounted in the cooling devices by using VGs are investigated. Especially in this report, the relationship between the clearance between the fin array and the VGs and the enhancement of heat transfer efficiency was investigated through 3D-CFD analysis. It is found that the combination of VGs and micro fins are effective in order to enhance heat transfer in the narrow flow passage under laminar flow conditions.

After nature disaster such as earthquakes, flood or typhoon, usually electric breakout will occur during which portable power generators are necessary. Since conventional portable power generators use gasoline as the fuel, the exhaust gas and the smell will do damage to people's health. In this paper, we try to develop the portable power generator whose power capacity is 1 kW by reforming the conventional reciprocal gasoline engine and using hydrogen gas as fuel. An experimental system was established to measure the thermal efficiency and the output power of the reformed engine by adjusting some factors such as compression ratio, position of the intake and engine oil and so on. Based on the experimental results, it is found that output power over 1 kW and the maximum thermal efficiency was 23.42%, respectively.

The importance of thermal management is increasing along with the high performance of mobile devices. Moreover, higher performance heat transport technology is expected in the future. Therefore, in this research we propose to use a small and thin loop heat pipe for heat dissipation of mobile equipment. Loop heat pipes (LHPs) are two-phase heat transfer devices that use the evaporation and condensation of the working fluid to transfer heat; they use capillary forces in porous wicks to circulate the fluid. The LHP has a one-way transport length of 200 mm, an evaporator size of 20 mm × 20 mm × (thickness) 1 mm, and a heat transport amount of 10 W or more. In addition, a three-dimensional analysis model is built, and the experimental results are compared with the calculated results.

Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) have less environmental impact and higher efficiency, so that they have been applied for vehicles. PEFCs are usually operated at about 70°C, but it is necessary to operate them stably at lower temperatures for wide application. The properties of a polymer electrolyte membrane might be dependent on temperature and have effect on cell performance. In this study, we used a two-dimensional model incorporating electrochemical kinetics and transport phenomena of mass, charge and heat to investigate the effect of membrane properties on cell performance at lower temperatures.

Temperature measurements were performed on water at temperature 17.0°C in pipes consisted of copper and PVC fixed in water at temperature 40.0°C to study the thermal conductivity and temperature changes for the sake of shortening die-cast cooling time. Larger temperature changes of water were observed in pipes consisted of copper than PVC. Using pipes with different inner diameter, we found that the thicker pipes eased the temperature changes than the narrower ones. In addition, measuring temperature changes of water with different flow volumes, we confirmed that the temperature changes of water were smaller with a fast flow volume.

A vapor chamber with sintered cu powder was fabricated to investigate the detailed process of liquid-vapor behaviors towards critical heat flux conditions. Using NOVEC 7100 as a working fluid, the thermal performance of the vapor chamber was obtained for a 20 mm × 20 mm heating area, along with high-speed visualization of the liquid-vapor behaviors. The results indicated that the heat transfer was dominated by liquid film evaporation for low heat flux. On the other hand, for high heat flux, the heat transfer of bubble nucleation in the wick structure dominant.

The thermal conductivity of the vacuum insulation material is about one tenth of that of conventional insulation materials. The thermal conductivity of some low thermal conductivity materials such as vacuum insulation material and so on is exceedingly lower in comparison with the measurement range of the conventional measuring device. In this study, heat transfer phenomena inside the vacuum insulation material are modeled and thermal conductivity is predicted by numerical analysis. It is assumed that the vacuum insulation material consists of glass fiber as the core material and aluminum film as the covering material. The solid thermal conduction inside the material and radiation transport by absorption / scattering are numerically modeling, and the effect of structural parameters such as the fiber diameter, fiber density and so on of the core material on the thermal conductivity characteristics of the heat insulating material is evaluated.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature and reaction time on the behavior of phosphorus in sub- and supercritical water gasification of sewage sludge. Gasification was carried out using a continuous flow reactor, and experimental runs were conducted by varying temperature as 300, 350, 500, and 550°C and reaction time in the range of 5- 30 s. The pressure was fixed at 25 MPa. The effect of temperature and reaction time on P behavior of sewage sludge was investigated. The results showed that organic phosphorus (OP) was almost completely converted into inorganic phosphorus (IP) under supercritical condition and shorter residence time (10 s).

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), a waste byproduct from palm oil production can be utilized as source of energy as well as phosphorous. To determine characteristics of phosphorous production, experiments have been carried out in the temperature range of 500-600°C and in the residence time range of 10-50 s. The reaction pressure was fixed at 25 MPa. A reaction model was developed to determine the rate of reaction of POME. Direct conversion of organic phosphorus to inorganic phosphorus took place at low temperature (500°C). The reaction was faster at higher temperature and longer residence time. All reactions here were of first order, and the developed model fitted well with the experimental data.

This study experimentally investigated the refrigerant distribution and evaporation characteristics of different diameter parallel micro channels in airfoil-shaped tube for smaller diameter tubes compared with previous study. Test section consisted of two stainless tubes that have different inner diameter using R134a as the refrigerant. The effects of tube diameter difference, total heat transfer rate and heat transfer rate ratio on refrigerant distribution, pressure drop and evaporation heat transfer were investigated. The results revealed that mass flow rate ratio of the windward tube increased with decreasing diameter of the leeward tube. Moreover, desirable tube diameter of the leeward tube is less than that of the windward tube when the heat transfer rate of the leeward tube is smaller than that of the windward tube.

This paper describes a steady state model of a Loop Heat Pipe (LHP) and its verification with an experimental result. The constructing model assumed a one-dimensional incompressible flow. Calculations are made for an evaporator, a CC, and transport lines. The interior of the transport lines is concerned by the relationship between temperature and pressure in the gas phase, gas-liquid two phase, or liquid phase. The calculation results were compared with an LHP with water as a working fluid. It had the good agreement with the experimental result.

Our newly developed scheme to evaluate anisotropic thermal conductivity has been extended its scope to include resin materials of higher thermal conductivity. In our previous work, heat input to a test sample was evaluated with an assumption that the temperature profile inside the heating block was sufficiently linear, which is no longer adequate for the resin materials because of its higher thermal resistance. To cope with such situation, we have re-defined thermal equivalent circuit to include the effects occurring inside the heating block in addition to those of the test sample. The results show that thermal equivalent circuit was adequate to evaluate the effects, which suggest that our model can be applied to the resin materials.

Improvement in reducing minimum detection level of a bio-calorimeter has been conducted with developing a MEMS thermopile sensor and a multistage isothermal bath. Reduction in a noise level and improvement in long time stability leads to a performance of 20 nW level detection. It was also experimentally demonstrated that the developed bio-calorimeter can measure a growth thermogram of Yeast from a few tens nano-watt level.

This paper describes the contact thermal resistance reduction by the thermal stress. In this paper, deformation volumes in copper, aluminium and silver, which are applied thermal stress, are calculated using finite element method. From these results, aluminium has a large deformation volume and a large reduction of thermal resistance. The thermal conductivity, however, is lower, and the thermal resistance does not become lower. The deformation volume has vary by the materials, and this volume should be consider for high accurate thermal design.

Long Life Coolant (LLC), which has been used as a coolant for an automobile engine, is also expected as a coolant for a next generation SiC inverter. In this study, subcooled flow boiling heat transfer characteristics of LLC heated by a SiC device are discussed under high heat flux conditions in order to clarify the applicability of LLC to the cooling system with boiling heat transfer. The subcooled flow boiling heat transfer performance in a narrow channel is evaluated using TOYOTA LLC at the concentration of 30 vol% and distilled water. Although the heat transfer coefficient of TOYOTA LLC is approximately 1/2 lower than that of distilled water at the heat flux of 300W/cm² and the flow velocity of 1.0 m/s, it is confirmed that the maximum heat flux exceeds 300 W/cm² for all the flow velocities in our experiments.