Using adult mongrel dogs, remnant gastric motility in relation to the changes of gastrointestinal hormone (gastrin and motilin) levels were measured under conscious states before and after distal partial gastrectomy in the Billroth I (BI) or II (BII) reconstruction and proximal partial gastrectomy with or without pyloroplasty . Remnant gastric motility was studied during the digestive and interdigestive states by chronically implanted strain gage transducer (S. G. T.) along the gastrointestinal tract.
Gastrointestinal hormone levels were determined by radioimmunoassay.
Results were summarized as follows:
1. Remnant gastric motility after BI was different from BII, that is, digestive patterns after BII were more shorter than BI, as a result, gastric emptying times were shortened.
2. Gastrin release by the meal intake in the dogs with BI was greater than that in BII. On the other hand, motilin release in the dogs with BII was higher level than that in BI during the digestive and interdigestive states. Gastrointestinal hormone levels after BI were approximataly as same responses as controls
These findings suggested that BI reconstruction for distal partial gastrectomy was more physiological surgical procedure than BII reconstruction.
3. Remnant gastric motility during the digestive state after proximal gastrectomy showed the excitatory pattern and gastric emptying time was remarkably shortened than in controls.
4. In gastrin and motilin levels stimulated by the meal in the dogs with proximal gastrectomy, the peak of gastrin and the depression of motilin were observed more early in relation to remnant gastric emptying time.
These findings suggested that the pyloroplasty for the proximal gastrectomy was necessary to prevent an increased motility of the remnant stomach during the digestive states.

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Effects of cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-OP) and tetragastrin (TG) on the stomach, duodenum and papilla of Vater were examined using 13 adult dogs.
The contractile activities of the stomach and duodenum were examined using the strain gage, and the manometric study of the papilla of Vater was also performed.
CCK-OP increased the contractile activities of the stomach and duodenum, but at the same time the pressure of the papilla of Vater was decreased.
TG increased the contractile activities of the stomach, but decreased that of the duodenum and the pressure of papilla of Vater.
CCK-OP lowered the pressure of the common bile duct, and that fall corresponded with the disappearance of the phasic contraction of the papilla of Vater.
We concluded that the contractile activity of the papilla of Vater was independent of the contractile activity of the duodenum, and the most effective drainage of the bile was achieved at the time of the disappearance of the phasic contraction of the papilla of Vater.

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Yoshida, M. and Tsuruta, Y. Observation on the distribution of ganglia in the ganglionated plexus of guinea-pig gallbladder. Japanese Journal of Smooth Muscle Research, 24 (2), 113-125, 1988-. In order to investigate how the ganglia in ganglionated plexus were distributed throughout the overall region of the gallbladder, the gallbladder was dissected from guinea-pig and washed with Krebs solution via the cystic duct. This gallbladder was distended with 2 ml of the mixed solution of OSO₄ and ZnI2 injected with a syringe via the cystic duct and the cystic duct was immediately tied with a thread. The gallbladder was placed in excess of the mixed solution for 7-10 hours. The gallbladder was longitudinally divided into two approximately equal parts and each was prepared for microscopic investigation. The one preparation was the ventral side of the gallbladder and the other preparation was its dorsal side. These preparations were viewed through a photomicroscope. The obtained results were as follows: 1. Ganglia which involved several nerve cells were observed. Ganglia and nerve bundles connecting the fellow ganglia formed an irregular network, that is, the so-called ganglionated plexus. These nerve bundles were connected with the perivascular nerves which ran parallel to and around blood vessels in several places of the wall of the gallbladder. 2. Ganglia were full of variety in size and shape. That is to say, the shape of ganglia is arranged in various patterns such as oval, spherical, triangular, square and so on. When the size of ganglia were shown by surface area of ganglia which were viewed within the sweep of photomicroscope, the size of ganglia were divided into three large groups, the small ganglia in the range of 1, 400μm²-3, 500 μm², the large ganglia in the range of 3, 500 μm²-10, 000 μm² and the extra-large ganglia in the range of 10, 000, μm²-38, 000, μm². Per one gallbladder, 240±41 (n=3) small ganglia, 263±28 (n=3) large ganglia and 8±1 (n=3) extra-large ganglia were found. And these ganglia were irregularly scattered all over the wall of gallbladder. Small ganglia were found more numerous than large ganglia in the cervical portion of the gallbladder. On the other hand, small ones were slightly fewer than large ganglia in the remainder portion of the gallbladder. 3. The ganglionated plexus contained 511±69 (n=3) ganglia. Among these ganglia, 170±29 (n=3) ganglia were in the dorsal side of the gallbladder and 341± (n=3) ganglia were in its ventral side. It was observed that there was no concentration of ganglia in any one of the cervix, body and fundus of the gallbladder. These ganglia were irregularly scattered in both ventral and dorsal sides of the gallbladder.
In conclusion, by means of synthesizing our results, it will be possible to expect the way how the ganglionated plexus spreads throughout overall region of the gallblddder.

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Endo, I., Utsugi, M., Suzuki, T. and Karaki, H. Method for simultaneous determination of creatine phosphate and adenine nucleotides in the intestinal smooth muscle of guinea-pigtaenia caeci using high-performance liquid chromatography. Japanese Journal of Smooth Muscle Research 24 (2) 127-130, 1988-A method for simultaneous determination of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP) and creatine phosphate (PCr) by high-performance liquid chromatography is described. This method was applied to the isolated intestinal smooth muscle tissue of guinea pig taenia caeci weighing approxi mately 30 mg. It was found that one g of the muscle tissue contained 3.55 μ mol PCr, 2.40 μ mol ATP and 0.477 μ mol ADP.

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The motor activity of the canine lower esophageal sphincter (LES) was studied under conscious states by means of the strain gage transducer, and gastroesophageal reflux was investigated after injection of the contrast medium through the silastic tube inserted in gastric fundus by x-ray. The motor activity and function of LES were observed in the dogs with selective proximal vagotomy (SPV), truncal vagotomy (TV) and TV+gastrectomy.
1. In the postprandial period, so called receptive relaxation was observed in gastric body, and tonic contraction was observed in LES. On the other hand, the occurrence of the LES contraction was consistent with gastric periodic motor activity in the interdigestive state. It was found that such a contractile pattern of LES and gastric body prevented the reflux of gastric juice from stomach to esophagus in the digestive and interdigestive state Results were summarized as follows;
2. In the postprandial period, the tonic contraction of LES was inhibited by the venous injection of atropine sulfate. Mechanisms of digestive contractile activity of LES were mainly regulated by cholinergic nerve.
3. After SPV and TV, the motility of LES and gastric body was disturbed. Namely, receptive relaxation disappeared, and tonic contraction was observed in gastric body, but the relaxation of the LES was found after ingestion. These findings suggested that discordant LES contractiles with the contraction of the gastric body after vagotomy produced a gastroesophageal reflux.
4. After TV+gastrectomy, the synchronous motor activity of the LES, remnant stomach and duodenum disappeared. Namely, it was thought that the reflux esophagitis occured after gastric surgery with vagotomy and lymphnodes dissection was caused by the duodenal juice reflux to remnant stomach and esophagus.

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