神経治療学
Online ISSN : 2189-7824
Print ISSN : 0916-8443
ISSN-L : 2189-7824
38 巻, 1 号
選択された号の論文の18件中1~18を表示しています
Editorial(論説)
  • 藤岡 俊樹
    2021 年 38 巻 1 号 p. 3-5
    発行日: 2021年
    公開日: 2021/07/28
    ジャーナル フリー

    Despite rapid progress of therapeutic options for immune–mediated neuropathy (IMN), severe neurological sequelae or intractability still exist. These interfere patients' activity of daily living (ADL) and quality of life (QOL). Life style–related diseases such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia are very common, wide variety of medicines are subscribed daily for those suffering from life style–related diseases (life style drug).

    Hydroxymethylglutaryl–CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), popular life style drugs, additionally exhibit immune suppression ; firstly in animal model of multiple sclerosis although their effects of IMN remain vague. Thus we attempted to investigate the effect of atorvastatin (ATO), one of statins, on EAN. ATO suppressed motor paralysis of EAN mildly and intraneural expression of proinflammatory cytokine interferon–gamma (IFN). Besides, peak of anti–inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)–10 expression was also suppressed and delayed. We supposed that ATO might only suppress IFN, not upregulate IL–10, finally suppressed EAN. We then investigated the effect of various ARBs, candesartan (CAN), losartan (LO) and irbesartan (IRB) on EAN. IRB suppressed motor paralysis through entire EAN course while CAN did not suppress and LO delayed onset and accelerated recovery mildly. These differences clearly depended on the affinity to C–C chemokine receptor 2b that is main receptor for C–C chemokine CCL2 which attracts mononuclear phagocytes from blood stream to site of inflammation in peripheral nerve. These affinities can be estimated according to molecular data easily now a days.

    Furthermore, in vivo experiments proved the efficacy and accuracy of the molecular modelling. This strategy might be powerful tool to identify unique drugs, formerly off–label common drug such as life style drugs.

特集 COVID–19と神経治療学
  • 高橋 一司
    2021 年 38 巻 1 号 p. 6
    発行日: 2021年
    公開日: 2021/07/28
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 手塚 俊樹, 中原 仁
    2021 年 38 巻 1 号 p. 7-13
    発行日: 2021年
    公開日: 2021/07/28
    ジャーナル フリー

    COVID–19 is a highly infectious viral disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS–CoV2. SARS–CoV–2 has spread rapidly all over the world and has affected various aspects of our life includming medicine and economic. Preliminary clinical data indicate that SARS–CoV–2 infection is associated with neurological and neuropsychiatric illness. COVID–19 can have impact on the brain in multiple ways, both directly and indirectly. We're facing with the era when we have to live together with COVID–19 and it's important to understand the characteristics of SAR–CoV–2. In this review, we summarize the mechanism in which COVID–19 causes neurological complications and what type of neurological and neuropsychiatric comorbidities occur in COVID–19 cases.

  • 蕨 陽子
    2021 年 38 巻 1 号 p. 14-19
    発行日: 2021年
    公開日: 2021/07/28
    ジャーナル フリー

    Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID–19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS–CoV–2). This review summarizes the knowledge about SARS–CoV–2 immunology and discusses the policy of clinical practice for neuroimmune diseases at the time of the SARS–CoV–2 pandemic. The human defense systems against SARS–CoV–2 infection begin to work through innate immunity. Most neuroimmune diseases are caused by impairment of adaptive immunity, which preserves the function of innate immunity. Therefore, patients with neuroimmune diseases are not typically susceptible to COVID–19 and will not experience severe symptoms. However, patients with multiple sclerosis are at risk if their score on the Expanded Disability Status Scale is high. In the context of the COVID–19 pandemic, various neuroimmune disease practice guidelines have been published assessing the risk COVID–19 poses with each immunotherapeutic agent. Some immunotherapeutics may reduce immunity to viral infections. In particular, B–cell depletion therapy (rituximab, ocrelizumab, and inebilizumab) should be avoided because it can cause severe COVID–19 outcomes and decrease immune response to vaccination. On the other hand, some immunotherapeutics such as dexamethasone and tocilizumab may prevent severe COVID–19 symtpoms by suppressing cytokine storms. In most neuroimmune diseases, infection is known as a risk factor for acute exacerbation, so there is a risk of exacerbation of neuroimmune diseases by SARS–CoV–2 infection. In diseases such as myasthenia gravis, where respiratory function is impaired, COVID–19 has a high risk of being fatal. In addition to treatment of viral infections, these patients should be carefully monitored with immunotherapy. The efficacy and safety of COVID–19 vaccines in patients with neuroimmune diseases is still unclear and awaits further study.

  • 下畑 享良
    2021 年 38 巻 1 号 p. 20-23
    発行日: 2021年
    公開日: 2021/07/28
    ジャーナル フリー

    Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID–19) associated with SARS–CoV–2 virus infection is often associated with neuromuscular symptoms, although it is mainly characterized by respiratory symptoms. In this article, I present movement disorders associated with COVID–19 including myoclonus, tremor, parkinsonism, and ataxia. These findings are presumed to be caused by immune–mediated pathogenesis after infection. Because the reports on the effects of COVID–19 in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases are almost limited to Parkinson's disease, the effects of COVID–19 on the motor and non–motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease and some important points to consider in clinical practice are presented.

  • 伊井 裕一郎, 冨本 秀和
    2021 年 38 巻 1 号 p. 24-27
    発行日: 2021年
    公開日: 2021/07/28
    ジャーナル フリー

    Patients with dementia have been reported to have a higher risk of COVID–19 severity and mortality, especially in patients with more severe dementia. COVID–19 patients with dementia may exhibit non–respiratory symptoms such as delirium or diminished living function, even in the absence of obvious physical symptoms. These atypical symptoms of COVID–19 can reduce early awareness of the disease, increase the spread of COVID–19 to the people around. Although social distance and safeguard procedures remain to be the most effective approaches to prevent SARS–CoV–2 infection, problems unique to dementia patients have also been pointed out. In patients with dementia, changes in the environment caused by COVID–19 pandemic often cause behavioral psychological symptoms to appear or worsen and cognitive functioning to decline. It is important for health–care providers involved in dementia care to collaborate with multiple disciplines depending on the dementia patient's life situation, and to strive to prevent infection and maintain cognitive and living functions of them.

  • 平野 照之
    2021 年 38 巻 1 号 p. 28-32
    発行日: 2021年
    公開日: 2021/07/28
    ジャーナル フリー

    Perfect defense from SARS–CoV–2 infection prioritize in triaging acute stroke patients during COVID–19 pandemic. On April 2020, Japan Stroke Society urgently announced protected code stroke, JSS–PCS, informing all medical staffs the need to know the essential requirement. Patients under investigation should be accepted with PCS manner. The points of proposed PCS are (1) wearing reliable PPE, (2) wearing surgical mask on the patient, and (3) response with the minimum required number of personnel. It is strongly recommended to prepare individualized protocol of PCS in each stroke center.

    What is important during this COVID–19 pandemic, are summarized as follows. (1) sharing and effective use of information regarding regional healthcare system provision, (2) achieving effective measures to reduce the number of COVID–19 cases, and (3) sharing of information, including countermeasures against nosocomial infection, between medical institutions providing emergency treatment for stroke.

  • 小森 哲夫
    2021 年 38 巻 1 号 p. 33-38
    発行日: 2021年
    公開日: 2021/07/28
    ジャーナル フリー

    Many patients with neuromuscular disease are involved in respiratory insufficiency. It becomes difficult problem especially in those patient with COVID–19. There are 7 important factors for the respiratory care in this condition. Those are risk of aerosol, care plan for non–invasive positive pressure ventilation and tracheostomy invasive positive pressure ventilation, tips of suction, oxygen therapy, mechanical clearance of tracheal air way and rehabilitation technique of respiratory care.

    The risk of aerosol might be the most important for every other 6 factors. I informed each factor precisely. It should be useful for daily clinical setting.

  • 今井 由里恵, 市川 忠
    2021 年 38 巻 1 号 p. 39-43
    発行日: 2021年
    公開日: 2021/07/28
    ジャーナル フリー

    COVID–19 pandemic has huge impact on rehabilitation medicine and rehabilitation services. The impact is sorted to two types. One is neuromuscular disease newly caused by COVID–19 and the other is an adverse effect on people with pre–existing neuromuscular diseases.

    COVID–19 is ACE–2 receptors where SARS–COV–2 virus sticks and invades are distributed vascular endothelial cells. Multi–organ failure by COVID–19 result may result in encephalopathy, thrombotic condition may induces Stroke. Encephalitis may be occurred from direct invasion of SARS–COV–2 virus. Cases with Guillain–Barré syndrome are reported by immune reaction to this virus. Rhabdomyolysis during COVID–19 is also reported, but the mechanism is not known. The approaches and methods of rehabilitation to these diseases are common with those to neuromuscular diseases by other etiologies. Neurorehabilitation has to be planned early phase of disorders, but we should be careful to prevent infection of COVID–19 to medical doctors and medical stuffs.

    The impact of COVID–19 pandemic is enormous to the people with pre–existing neuromuscular diseases. Voluntary restraint of outgoing is requested by Japanese government more than one month. Fear to be infected is inflated by mass media. Times to visit hospitals and opportunity to have rehabilitation service were markedly decrease during COVID–19 pandemic. The decreased activity brought physical and mental hypofunction. Neurorehabilitation service should be reconstructed to prevent more deterioration. During pandemic of COVID–19, telerehabilitation is good candidate to provide rehabilitation service safely.

  • 大山 彦光, 波田野 琢, 服部 信孝
    2021 年 38 巻 1 号 p. 44-47
    発行日: 2021年
    公開日: 2021/07/28
    ジャーナル フリー

    The current COVID–19 pandemic is catalyzing the use of telemedicine all over the world. Teleneurology, which defined as telemedicine use in neurology area, is one of solution for vulnerable patients with chronic neurological diseases require a specialist's care even in such a situation to avoided non–urgent hospital visits. In this review, currently available technologies, obstacles and future potential of telenueorology will be discussed.

症例報告
  • 王子 聡, 宮内 敦生, 山元 正臣, 小川 智也, 野村 恭一
    2021 年 38 巻 1 号 p. 48-52
    発行日: 2021年
    公開日: 2021/07/28
    ジャーナル フリー

    症例は42歳男性.下痢が先行し,四肢末端の痺れ,脱力が出現し,歩行不能となったため入院した.神経学的所見では四肢腱反射は消失,四肢遠位優位の脱力,痛覚過敏,振動覚低下を認めた.末梢神経伝導検査は,運動・感覚神経とも軸索型ニューロパチーを示唆した.Guillain–Barré症候群(GBS)の亜型である急性運動感覚性軸索型ニューロパチーと考え,免疫治療を開始した.免疫治療は腎機能障害,高カリウム血症を伴うため,血液透析を併用し免疫吸着療法を行った.1回目の治療終了後,突然の呼吸困難を呈し,急激なショック状態に陥った.胸部CTで肺血栓塞栓症はなかった.経過中に血清ビタミンB1低値が判明し,脚気の末梢神経障害,心不全と診断した.神経症状,心不全はいずれもビタミンB1投与により軽快した.本症例の呼吸循環障害は体外循環により衝心脚気が誘発されたためと考えられた.本症例のようにGBSの臨床経過を呈する症例では脚気の鑑別を念頭に置く必要がある.

  • 角田 賢史, 伊藤 恒, 阿部 誠也, 堀越 一孝, 福武 滋
    2021 年 38 巻 1 号 p. 53-56
    発行日: 2021年
    公開日: 2021/07/28
    ジャーナル フリー

    Hybrid Assistive Limb医療用下肢タイプ(HAL®)による歩行運動療法を長期間欠的に施行した筋萎縮性側索硬化症(amyotrophic lateral sclerosis:ALS)の3例を報告する.HAL®による歩行運動療法の有害事象は認められず,短期集中的な歩行運動療法の実施により,歩行速度が鋸歯状に改善する傾向を認めた.いっぽう,HAL®による歩行運動療法の実施頻度が低い,あるいは急速な病態の進行を伴う場合には歩行速度の改善を認めなかった.また,経過中に球麻痺の進行を認めた2例に対して胃瘻を造設したが,胃瘻孔・胃瘻ボタンに対する除圧を行うことで胃瘻に関連した有害事象を認めることなく,歩行運動療法を再開することができた.HAL®による短期集中的な歩行運動療法はALSの歩行機能障害に対して有効かつ安全な治療の選択肢になりうる.

  • 温井 孝昌, 林 智宏, 山本 真守, 小西 宏史, 道具 伸浩, 中辻 裕司
    2021 年 38 巻 1 号 p. 57-60
    発行日: 2021年
    公開日: 2021/07/28
    ジャーナル フリー

    症例は71歳男性.浮動性めまい,歩行時のふらつきが1か月の経過で出現,増悪した.小脳性運動失調がありSARA score 21点であった.頭部MRIで軽度の小脳萎縮があり,胸部CTで左肺下葉S6に腫瘤性病変を認めた.FDG–PET,経気管支鏡針生検の結果,混合型小細胞肺癌(combined small cell carcinoma,cT1aN2M1b, Stage IV)と診断された.抗voltage–gated calcium channel抗体が陽性であり傍腫瘍性小脳変性症と診断した.化学療法で腫瘍は完全寛解となり,発症から約7年間の長期生存が得られたが,小脳性運動失調については大量免疫グロブリン静注療法,ステロイドパルス療法,血漿交換療法に反応せず,発症5年後のSARA score 20.5点と改善しなかった.亜急性の小脳失調症で頭部MRIに異常を認めない場合,本症を鑑別に挙げ,悪性腫瘍の検索と早期治療を開始する必要がある.

  • 星野 俊, 佐々木 梨衣, 大塚 快信, 櫻井 謙三, 山野 嘉久
    2021 年 38 巻 1 号 p. 61-64
    発行日: 2021年
    公開日: 2021/07/28
    ジャーナル フリー

    症例は76歳女性.左蝶形骨洞の慢性副鼻腔炎を感染源とした細菌性髄膜炎に対して抗菌薬治療後,再発防止目的に内視鏡下副鼻腔手術V型および鼻内内視鏡下髄液漏閉鎖術を施行された.術後1ヶ月で37°C台の発熱と軽度の後頚部痛をきたし,項部硬直,脳脊髄液の多核球優位の細胞数上昇,蛋白の著増,糖の低下,髄液培養からの緑膿菌検出を認め,細菌性髄膜炎の再発と診断した.長期間にわたる抗菌薬治療にて症状は寛解した.

    鼻性髄液漏に対して鼻内内視鏡下髄液漏閉鎖術を施行したにも関わらず細菌性髄膜炎を再発した1例を経験したため,文献的考察を加えて報告する.

 
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