The present study was carried out to determine the location of the excitatory premotor neuronsp rojectingt o the hypoglossalm otoneurons (XIMI Ns) t hat show respiratory activities in pentobarbital-anesthetizecda ts. Projectionsf rom these hypogloss1a premotorn euronst o the phrenicm otoneuronws erea lso investigated. The followingr esults were obtained.
(1) Injectiono f a fluorescendt ye (Fast Blue, F B) into the hypoglossanl ucleusa nd another fluorescendt ye (Nuclear Yellow N, Y) into the phrenicn ucleust he cellsi n the medullaryr eticular formationl abelledr etrogradedlyw ith FB and or NY mainly in the region ventrolateralt o the nucleuso f the tractus soritarius (vl-NTS) a nd dorsomediatlo the nucleusa mbiguus (dm-AMB.)
(2) There were respiratoryn eurons in the region vl-NTSa nd dm-AMBw hicha ntidrom -ically respondedt o the stimulationo f the hypoglossaln ucleus. Some of them antidromically respondeda lsot o the stimulationo f the phrenicn ucleus.
(3) Averagingo f the hypoglossala nd phr enic nerve dischargesb y spontaneouss pikeso f single respiratory neurons in the region vl-NTS and dm-AMB revealed a facilitation in the hypoglossal nerve discharge. In some of these excitatory hypoglossal premotor neurons, a facilitation was also revealed in the phrenic nerve discharge.
It was concludedth at there were respiratory neurons in the region vl-NTS and dm-AMB whichw ere excitatoryp remotorn euronsp rojectingt o the XIIM Nss howingr espiratorya ctivities. Someo f them had excitatory projectionst o both the hypoglossala nd phrenic motoneuronvs ia the bifurcating axons.

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Electromyographic coactivation of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) during masticatory function was observed. To analyze the mechanism of the coactivation, we studied the reflex responses of the SCM induced by mechanical stimulations and tooth-tapping movements. Six healthy subjects with an average age of 26 years were asked to make various kind of efforts using SCM and masseter muscles, then the mechanical taps were applied to a forehead and an upper anterior tooth, and the surface EMG from the SCM and masseter were recorded. The head position during the recordings was controlled in the upright or the rotation position. The gingiva of the tapped teeth was anesthetized in two subjects. EMG signals were rectified and digitized and then analyzed using the signal average program on a computer (NEC SANEI 7T17) .
Results:
1. Reflex responses of the SCM with a latency of ca. 30ms were induced by mechanical taps to the forehead and to the anterior tooth. It can result from a stretch reflex.
2. During tooth-tapping movement at 1Hz, the SCM activated at ca. 90ms after teeth contacts. It is Possible that the activity was derived from a central control mechanism or from another reflex other than the stretch reflex.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of complete denture on the movement of the soft tissues surrounding the oral cavity during oral function.
Total of 71 clinically healthy edentulous patients were selected for this study. Forty-seven points on the skin surface of the face of each subject were selected as measuring points and were marked. The movement of these measuring points under the condition of thrusting of the lips, pulling the mouth corners backward, intentional occlusion and smile were measured three-dimensionally when the denture was worn and not worn.
The findings were as follows:
1. The changes in the facial structure with and without the denture were marked in the lips.
2. The changes in the movement of the measuring points on the lip surface with and without the denture were found to be large during the thrusting of the lips and pulling the mouth corners backward.
3. The changes in the movement of the measuring points in the lower parts of the facial surface with and without the denture could be measured over a wide range during intentional occlusion.
4. Activities of the mouth corner points were marked, but the changes in the movement with and without the denture were insignificant.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the utility of five indices of malocclusion (NMT, MI, HLDI, OFI and DI) for evaluating the necessity of orthodontic treatment.
One dentist scored malocclusion in 40 females (Age: 18-23) . Then, another orthodontist assessed the treatment needs for malocclusion on the same subjects. We compared each score with the assessment by the orthodontist and determined the screening level score of the treatment needs for malocclusion.
The sensitivity and specificity were calculated for 5 indices respectively. The selection using MI (screening level score : 12) resembled mostly the assessment by the orthodontist, followed by NMT (screening level score : 8) and DI (screening level score : 8) . But the time required to score using MI was longer than using DI, and the reproducibility of NMT was inferior to DI.
The subjects in this study had a high frequency of crowding (22.5%), and DI was highly correlated to the arch length discrepancy (r=-0.898) .
From these results, it was suggested that DI was a suitable index for evaluating the treatment needs for malocclusion, particularly crowding.

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Papillon-Lefeèvre Syndrome (PLS) is a rare disease accompanied by palmo-plantar hyper-keratosis and rapidly progressive periodontal breakdown of deciduous and permanent dentition. Two unrelated female PLS patients, four and seven years old, with severe periodontal destruction were examined. Antibody titers against seven strains by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), microbial cultures from deep periodontal pockets and mouth rinse samples and immuno-blotting analysis were performed. Titers against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A. a.) were found to be high by the ELISA test. Microbial cultures of A. a. were found in high percentage and immunoblotting results against sonicated extracts of an A. a. Y4 strain had similar patterns. All deciduous teeth were extracted from the younger patient, later permanent dentition erupted uneventfully and A. a. colonies could not be detected. However, the older patient did not exhibit improvement with conventional periodontal therapy and antibiotic (minocycline/erythromycin) treatment and A. a. colonies could be consistently cultured. After a subsequent ofloxacin medica-tion, A. a. colony detection was suppressed. Furthermore, a reduction of gingival inflammation and pocket depth were observed. Therefore, A. a. was associated as an important pathogen in the etiology of periodontal disease in these PLS patients.

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hree-dimensional simulation of facial change in a patient with severe facial deformity is very effective in not only determining a treatment plan but also inobtaining informed consent.
The purpose of this presentation was to introduce the outline of our prediction system of facial change and its preliminary clinical application.
(Outline of this system)
This system is composed of the following three parts:
Input: Three-dimensional digitized data from modified Moire Topography and coloring data of the face taken by the three-dimensional photographing appliance
Analysis: Reconstruction of colored simulation model and transformation by host computer with 32 bit CPU
Output: Display of full-colored simulation model by three-dimensional graphics
(Results of clinical application)
1. Three-dimensional reconstructed graphics were well accepted for clinical use, especially for the prediction in orthognathic surgery.
2. Compared with other systems, the following advantages were found:
a) Simplified digitizing system using the CCD camera
b) Total access time, from initial data input to display of computed picture, was about 20 minutes
c) Accurate reproducibility of facial form and color vision

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