We investigated the effects of ballet training on the stability limits (SL) of 4 directions and body sway while standing at SL by the data of center of pressure (COP), and also analyzed COP of each foot at SL. Subjects were 7 female ballet dancers and 7 female non-dancers. Subjects Stood barefoot on two force plates and leaned voluntarily to forward, backward, rightward and leftward limits without bending their trunks and necks. There was no difference of SL and COP sway at SL between the two groups in any directions. At backward SL, COP of each foot moved significantly inward, and lateral COP sway was significantly larger than at forward SL. At rightward and leftward SL, COP of each foot moved significantly outward, and COP sway of the opposite foot to the leaning direction was significantly larger than that of another foot. In conclusion, 1) ballet training does not affect SL and body sway at SL, 2) postural control is more difficult at backward SL than at forward SL, and 3) the opposite foot to the leaning direction might have a role of assistance to postural control while standing at rightward and leftward SL.

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This study seeks to understand the relationship between exercise motivation and social skills, and between exercise motivation and feelings of loneliness after adolescence. Furthermore, the knowledge acquired here is hoped to be of help to health and exercise educators. There were 1989 survey candidates (878 males, 1111 females). The survey items consisted of a “physical exercise motivation scale”, a “social skill scale” and a “feelings of loneliness scale”. The physical exercise motivation scale consisted of six sub-scales. The analysis showed the following features: A) Subjects who evaluated themselves as doing a lot of physical exercise had high physical exercise motivation, high social skills and lower feelings of loneliness. B) “Feeling of physical exercise competence”, “competition desire”, “social skills” and “feelings of loneliness” was higher in male subjects than in female. C) “Affiliate drive”, “competition desire” and “physical exercise anxiety” is higher in adolescence (13 to 19 years old) and “feeling of physical exercise value”, “social skills” and “feelings of loneliness”, higher in adult middle (46 to 60 years old) and older adult (61 or more years old). D) Social skills and feelings of loneliness are related to a “feeling of physical exercise competence”, an “affiliate drive”, a “physical exercise anxiety” and a “feeling of physical exercise value”. From these results, the importance of physical exercise and sports instruction in improving quality of life was considered.

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The purpose of this study was to clarify the effectiveness of ballroom dance classes in physical education especially focused on the change of consciousness. A questionnaire covering formative evaluation and consciousness during ballroom dance classes were administered to 108 5th grade children and 120 7th grade students. The main results were as follows: 1) It revealed that both groups had mostly hoped for “movement and rhythm” in the pre consciousness survey. 2) The formative evaluation scores of the last class were significantly higher than the first class scores. 3) The total formative evaluation scores of 5th grade children showed 4 point and 7th grade student showed 5 point with diagnostic standards. 4) The score of 5th grade children generally showed higher than 7th grade student in the post consciousness survey. 5) Most item scores of girls in the post consciousness survey were significantly higher than the scores of boys. 6) It became clear that both groups were delighted at being able to do a new figure during classes. These findings suggest that ballroom dance classes were effective in the 5th grade children and 7th grade students.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate heart rate and walking and running steps during tennis training in adult men. Four healthy males (age 47.3 ± 14.5yr, height l.68 ± 0.07cm, body weight 70.1 ± 11.5kg, BMI 24.9 ± 2.5kg/m², percent body fat 19.9 ± 3.1%, lean body mass 55.9 ± 7.4kg) participated in this study. Each subject provided written informed consent before participation. Heart rate (HR) and walking and running step data were measured by means of heart rate monitor (Heart Rate Monitor S710 Polar, Finland) and pedometer (Digi-Walker EM-180 Yamasa, Tokyo). As results, 1) the mean value of the number of walking and running steps and distance were about 5000 steps and 3000 m, 2) the mean value of maximum HR, %HRmax, average HR and %HRmax were about 160 bpm, 90%HRmax, 120 bpm and 70%HRmax, respectively. It is suggesed that tennis training measured in this study were underwent on exercise intensity about 70%HRmax. In short, the tennis training seemed to have been connected with the improvement of endurance ability and excessive body fat, and it was indicated to be sports activity which can contribute to the prevention of lifestyle-related disease.

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