[in Japanese]

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One primary issue of this article is that of terminology, and specifically the meaning of terms such as social logistics, physical distribution and logistics.
The first is that “social logistics”, if the term is allowed, is not similar to macro-logistics but to societal or green logistics.
Second, the term logistics had first been associated with use by the military, and it is a more comprehensive term than physical distribution. U.S. military strategies and operations have been executed presupposing well-planned logistics systems featuring Caucasian logistics philosophy, as professor S. Hayashi suggested. Japanese military forces, especially the Japanese army, ignored logis-tics with poor concepts and the Japanese term “Heitan, ” ofen refered as an equivalent for military logistics in English has many points of likeness in tangible physical factors ; however, the two terms are quite differnt in intangible concepts. We must notice not only the physical dimension, but metaphysical concepts, and it is not too much to say that the logistical power decided the result of the war.
Third, the reason why the use of logistics has recently prevailed as a business term instead of physical disiribution is that it contains ideal models and such concepts as globalization, system integration and strategic viewpoints now regrded as key concepts by business firms.

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Since 1970's much attention has been paid to Logistics and now this kind of concept has been developed and expanded to Value Chain as well as Supply Chain from Logistics. There have been many books published during these periods of time, but it is very difficult to find out a theory of Logistics fundamentals from academic viewpoints. Therefore, literature study has been made in terms of initialization of a basic study and logistics scope of works, one of key elements of logistics fundamentals, is focussed on and consequently, a state of arts model for logistics scope of works or activities is proposed

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The purpose of this paper is to verify the effectiveness of physical distribution strategy by pharmaceutical wholesalers facing rapid change in distribution environment.
The research showed some problems through the hypothesis.
In verifying the hypothesis the research used the testing of deviation of population mean. As the result, it concluded that physical distribution strategy is effective.
In the future, to be successful after merger, we must build the progressive marketing systems as well as to cut the expenditure and standard level of profit.

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Considering Green Logistics, air pollution, waste disposal and recycling are major 3 factors. Recycling is grappled in many way. On the other hand, waste disposal is not grappled enough in many way, because of the continuous illegal abandonment. Vehicle transport which is a major cause of air pollution is mainly used at present. Vehicle transport is convenient in comparison of railway and ship transport. However, vehicle transport has harmful effects of noise and vibration as well as air pollution on people who reside around roads, in addition to high rate of the occurrence of an accident. In this study, we took note of railway transport which has wide railway network and which is low pollution transport, and we explored the possibility of realization of waste transport by railway system. That is, we adopted 2 precede examples performed in Kawasaki city and Saitama prefecture and we analyzed transport system and carried out interview research. And we evaluated railway transport as the substitute transport by calculating social costs. An example of Kawasaki city introduced first railway transport for the purpose of carrying wastes of hill and inland region to seaside region where new waste disposal center was located in 1995. Another one of Saitama prefecture introduced railway transport for the purpose of carrying earth and soil generated by constructing Saitama New Midtown.

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The purpose of this paper is to make a comparison analysis on costs of trucking company in the case of U.S. and Japan.
There are two inportant factors of costs difference between U.S. and Japan. Firstly, average size of trucks in U.S. is bigger than in Japan. So, due to economy of scale, personnel expense that has most lage share in oerating expenses in U.S. trucking company is less than in Japan. Secondly, in U.S., so-called “owner operater” that is private trucking company can carry on business. In Japan, owner operater is prohibited. All costs of owner operater is less than of large trucking company. Large trucking company can use these low-cost owner operater as subcontractor.
Therefore, there are two methods in order to cut down cost and to improve efiiciency of Japnese trucking company. First method is reconstruction of road and some facilities suited to bigger truck that is used in U.S. Second method is introduction of owner operater system in Japan. However, there are some problems about owner operater system in respect of safety. On this point, we have to make more reserches.

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Vehicle routing (VR) is defined here as the planning of the delivery and collection of goods using one or more road vehicles. VR becomes vehicle routing scheduling system (VRS) when time constraints are incorporated. The objective of both VR and VRS is to construct a feasible set of minimum cost routes one for each vehicle. This paper discussed demonstrating the success of CVRS technology in terms of costs and benefits as well as user satisfaction. The VRS function is part of physical distribution sub-system. The logistical sub-system are inter-connected, any change in one part of supply chain can have an impact on another. VRS are commonly categorised according to their temporal dimensions. Temporal dimensions shown as strategic tasks, tactical tasks and operational tasks. The studies investigated the use of CVRS in distribution operations. The measurement of CVRS success are considered with organisationl efficiency and individual satisfaction. Organisational efficiency are classified into tangible benefits and intangible benefits. The user satisfaction concept is measured on the basis of general satisfaction, technical features, work satisfaction and personal satisfaction.

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