Some species of Dicranaceae, such as Campylopus exasperatus, C. flexuosus, C. umbellatus, Campylopodium euphorocladum, etc. have setae twisted sinistrorse (we use this term as indicated on fig. I, similar to Kihara, 1976) at the lower half, and dextrorse at the upper half in the dry condition. These setae are distinctly cygneously curved at the middle when wet (Fig. II). The structure of cygneous setae of these species was compared with straight ones of other species, such as Campylopodiella tenella, Cynodontium gracilescens and C. strumiferum, in the same family. The setae which are cygneous when wet have epidermal cells arranged weakly dextrorsely twisted even when wet, while those of the straight setae have epidermal cells arranged vertically straight when wet. Cross-sections of setae at the cygneously curved point show the difference of thickness of cell walls; those of the dorsal side of the curve are very thick-walled compared to those of the ventral side. Cross-sections of setae of non-curved portions of the same species do not show such difference of thickness of cell walls, similar to the species which have straight setae (when wet).

  I investigated 44 Radula collections made in continental China, by the courtesy of Drs. C. Gao and P. C. Wu. Among 44 collections I recognized 9 species, in which 3 species, Radula obtusiloba, R. oyamensis and R. tokiensis, are new additions to the hepatic flora of continental China.