The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of estimation-structure of continuity of townscape with interactive stereogram simulation. Methodology: The interactive stereogram simulation and static perspective graphic simulation are applied. The results from both methods are compared. The three elements of one building in the townscape, height, width and wall-setback-line, are transformed. 125 patterns of townscape are examined with interactive stereogram simulation and 24 patterns of perspective graphic simulation are examined. Estimation categories: grade of continuity, permissible level of continuity, limit level of continuity. Subjects: 21 persons (14 males, 7 females). Results: The following results were obtained mainly : (1) There are two different groups with characteristics of estimation on interactive stereogram simulation. Otherwise there is only one group on static perspective graphic simulation. (2) The interactive stereogram simulation caused more varied estimation according to permissible level of continuity and limit level of continuity than the static perspective graphic simulation.

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The correctional institution environment scale: CIES (Moos, 1974) was back-translated into Japanese, then administered to 276 male and 60 female residents in Japanese correctional institutions. An equivalent scale was also developed for use among high school students. Consistent differences were found between delinquents and high school students on the followings: support; expressiveness; autonomy; personal problem orientation; order and organization; clarity; and staff control. High school students showed more positive attitudes toward their school environment on the sub-scales: support; autonomy; personal problem orientation; order and organization; and clarity. But the reverse direction was obtained on sub-scales: expressiveness and staff control. The residents felt more free to express themselves but felt stronger control by the institutional staff personnel. In correctional institutions less autonomic activities were expected due to the stronger authoritarian structures leading to less behavioral conflicts between individual and group norms. Under their highly developed human relationships among the individual high school students, the students felt conflict between the group atmosphere and the behavior of each individual. Detailed analysis of the sub-scales showed that Cronbach's α coefficients were below a significant level on expressiveness, autonomy and personal problem orientation. The results may suggest cultural differences between Japan and the US.

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This paper deals with the relation between pedestrian behavior and the physical environment, and quantitatively clarifies the effect of the number of people and gender on pedestrian behavior. The pedestrian's walking behavior in avoiding an obstacle was recorded on a video tape, and the chosen path was analyzed by using the digital image processing technique. We referred to the distance between a point of starting avoiding maneuver and a point of a standing obstacle as Sx. Sx was measured for each pedestrian. The results are summarized as follows: In the case of males, there is no effect dependent on the number of people. Regarding Sx, the female's Sx is smaller than that of the male. But in the case of females , there are differences among individuals. This characteristic is remarkable when individual female pedestrians are compared with female groups. On the other hand, it is estimated that the female is more susceptible to the effect of an obstacle than the male, judging from the walking track in Sx. No matter what the pedestrians gender or grouping is, Sx is smaller in the case of a non-animate object as an obstacle than in the case of a forward-looking, stationary pedestrian.

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