A new species, Micropsalliota subumbonata, is described and illustrated from tropical region of the Western Ghats of Maharashtra, India, and the phylogenetic placement is determined by using nrITS and nrLSU sequence data analyses. Micropsalliota subumbonata, is morphologically circumscribed by its campanulate to conical umbonate pileus, covered with greyish brown to reddish brown squamules, ellipsoid to subcymbiform basidiospores, and cylindrical, long narrow, capitate cheilocystidia with a ventricose base.

Three species of tricholomatoid dark blue Entoloma spp. from temperate forests in Japan are described as new to science. Entoloma obscurocyaneum and E. purpureobrunneolum show a dull dark blue pileus, with the former distinguished by the purple-brown suprapellis hyphae of the pileipellis and the latter by its light brown color. Entoloma quasicyanonigrum is similar to E. cyanonigrum but exhibits smaller basidiospores. Our phylogenetic analysis placed them within a moderately supported clade that generally shares the characteristics of having a hymeniderm- or palisadoderm-type pileipellis. To date, the sole tricholomatoid dark blue Entoloma documented from Japan is E. cyanonigrum. Because it was confirmed that the type specimen of E. cyanonigrum no longer exists, the original material, the colored drawing by Tsuguo Hongo, was designated as the lectotype, and E. cyanonigrum was redescribed based on Hongo’s observation notes and our examination of herbarium specimens.

In regions of cryosphere, plants dormant under snow are attacked by snow mold pathogens, which include various fungal taxa (mainly oomycetes, ascomycetes and basidiomycetes). These fungi are well adapted to the environment with ambient temperatures fluctuating at around 0 °C. Their cold adaptation mechanisms differ at the phylum level. Oomycetous and basidiomycetous snow molds avoid freezing by intracellular host infection and ice-binding protein, respectively. Osmophily is another mechanism to cope with freezing for the ascomycete, Sclerotinia borealis. Thus diverse fungal taxa evolved snow molds to adapt to nival environments, illustrating adaptive radiations by developing cold tolerance and selecting host organisms.

Suillus grevillei is an ectomycorrhizal fungus of larch that occurs widely throughout the Northern Hemisphere. According to its pileus color and geographic distributions, two closely related species are recognized: European S. grevillei that has a yellowish pileus and North American S. clintonianus that has a reddish pileus. Because specimens in eastern Eurasia are understudied, we incorporated basidioma collections from Japan and eastern Siberia to clarify the taxonomy and distribution of the S. grevillei complex in a global context. The multi-locus phylogeny assembled with four conservative loci (LSU, RPB1, RPB2, and TEF) revealed three monophyletic clades with strong branching support, one of which is described as a new species, S. orientalis. Morphologically, S. orientalis is distinguished from S. grevillei by its dark reddish-brown pileus and from S. clintonianus by having smaller spores and the absence of encrusted hyphae in the pileipellis. S. orientalis is distributed in eastern Eurasia, S. grevillei in Europe and eastern Asia, and S. clintonianus in North America. The multi-locus phylogeny of conservative DNA markers was more effective than rapidly evolving and highly variable ITS regions in recognizing closely related species within the S. grevillei complex.