Research on farmers polarization in Japan had indicated that during the period from the end of the Meiji era (around 1900) to 1955, middle-scale farmers, of which the operating farm size in terms of cultivating land was 1.0 to 2.0 ha, tended to increase in number.　The change in the trend had occurred in the 1960s, caused by the rapid change in Japanese capitalism. High economic growth in the 1960s, mainly attributed to the heavy chemical industries, necessitated the increase in labor supply from farming sector.　As a result, many farmers turned out to be part-time ones, and on the other hand, a small number of farmers could enlarge their farming size.　Under such a situation, there was an important controversy.　Some scholars highly evaluated the increase of large-scale farmers, insisting that newly-created large-scale farmers were business-minded entrepreneurs.　They regarded that the appearance of new farmers formed an epoch in history, expecting that the new farmers would undertake the development of Japanese agriculture. On the contrary, other researchers discussed that Japanese agriculture had been already dissolved, being not viable as an industry.　They pointed out that the share of newly-created large farmers in total production was very small, and that the majority of farm household economy actually depended on the off-farm income.

　Today, the subject of restructuring Japanese agriculture as industry has moved to the stage of establishing viable farms of industrial type, in place of establishing peasant-type middle-sized family-farms. The epoch-making period of that shifting was around the former half of the seventies.
　After World War Ⅱ, "democratization," including "farmland reformation," extensively made self-ownership peasantry, which raised Japanese agricultural production to the historically highest stage, during 1955-65. The power increasing agriproduction was composed of two antagonistic factors, which were inherited from the post-war reformations. The one factor was demand from people and peasants for realizing true people's democracy and true farmer's land revolution, based on their will, which also reflected to the reform itself and governmental policies for supporting selfownership peasants. The other was oppressively functioned side, by a top-down post-war controlling system that worked against the people and peasants, which forced the land-owning peasants into poor and miserable situation.
　The development of Japanese socio-economy which has experienced high economic growth since World War Ⅱ, also has been a spiral one of the above-mentioned two antagonistic factors built in the post-war "democratized" system. This new development of the socio-economy has been destroying the standing conditions of peasant-type small farmers, together with their negative side.
　New conditions under this new development of the socio-economy have been giving birth to new viable farms of industrial type. The character of these new farmers is basically family-oriented including an agri-corporate style, but the role of human capital has become very important as well as functions of capital combined with new agritechnologies.
　The people's and farmer's way of establishing such new modern farms, must be connected with people's true redemocratization of post-war topdown controlling system.

　The decreasing number of agricultural successors are caused by the changes of society and in the lifestyle of the youth in this period of high economic growth. In the situation of rural industrialization and farm mechanization, sons and daughters in farm families are forced to choose between agriculture or an occupation outside agriculture. The constraints to secure agricultural successors are that agriculture is less attractive than another occupations, the low availability of spouses and the involved human relations in rural life compared to urban life. Recently, though there have been some formative youth who have opted to leave the city and settle in rural areas, and also there are a few enterprises which have acquired a unique personnel by the formation of agricultural juridical entities.
　To secure agricultural successors, it is very important that the now existing homogeneous type of rural society change to a pliable society that can accept heterogeneous beings such as a bride or newcomers from another region. Flexible coordination of paddy cultivation is also very necessary.

　We can indicate the following four points in order to secure agricultural successor in the long run. ① To relate through active participation, agriculture in every stage of human life. ② To create an understandable relationship between city dwellers and farmers. ③ To promote the education of learning by agricultural experience in order to understand the total function of agriculture. ④ To foster "communicational reason" to change the unfavorable reality.