This paper made the following point clear. There is an arrival point on the farmland accumulation of large-scale paddy farming management in a leased land development area of Hokkaido rice paddy area, in the rapid decrease of farmland owner households. Specifically, first, while scale expansion was developed further regionally, the reality of the farmland accumulation and magnification by large-scale paddy farming management was considered. Second, it was shown where a movement of such magnification was progressing with planar accumulation. Or the solved situation of the farmland scattering problem was shown. Third, we showed the influence of the sale of farmland by non-farmers who own land, the rapid progress of remote villages, and the expansion of scale by large-scale paddy farming management on the inside of rural villages.

Hani rice terraces, the rice terraces in Yunnan, China, are internationally appreciated. However, due to decreasing labor with the outflow of migrant workers, the rice terraces have deteriorated. To achieve sustainable agricultural production, improving productivity is necessary. The rice terraces stretch in the mountainous area with heterogeneous, fragmented, and poor access farmland. Previous studies have pointed out that land fragmentation and poor access to the fields reduces productivity; however, these spatial distributions and heterogeneity can cause estimation bias. The spatial effects cannot be ignored; however, they have not been explicitly addressed. We used GPS/GIS and spatial econometric models to control the household attributes and spatial correlations. We estimated the effect of field access on yield per unit. As a result, yield per unit was significantly reduced in the difficult-to-access fields. A series of estimation results imply that poor access to the fields lowers land productivity by increasing the required labor input.

This study uses individual data from an agricultural census to analyze factors influencing the choice of agricultural farms to continue their businesses related to agricultural production. The scope of these businesses ranged from farm product processing to pick-your-own farms, farm restaurants, and farm inns. We classified farms into types such as “continuing,” “ceased,” and “newly started” based on the status of their businesses, and compared their scale of agricultural production, the degree of their business diversification, and their location. Additionally, we conducted a logistic regression analysis with the continuation of the business as the dependent variable. The study’s results are as follows: （1） Small-scale family-owned farm management entities were most likely to end an agriculture-related business even if they continued agricultural production; （2） The number of business sections has increased among farms that chose to continue the business. Among them, some family-owned farm management entities had transformed into organized management entities; and （3） The proportion of farms continuing the business is high among the farms located in areas with a concentration of businesses related to agricultural production.

The purpose of this article is to examine the US grant for a school lunch program under PL 480 Title II. Based on official documents from the US and Japanese governments, the following facts were revealed: 1） Whereas the US government suggested non-fat dry milk for dietary reasons, the Japanese government requested wheat because the consumption of wheat, rather than the more expensive rice, would improve Japan’s balance of payments in the long run. 2） Not only Japanese-American relations but also Title II agreements with other countries had a great influence on the negotiation process. 3） Although Japan and the US agreed on a cotton grant for a school children’s clothing program, this failed to materialize because of manufacturing costs. 4） Because grant wheat was not suitable for making bread, it was necessary to blend it with Canadian hard wheat. These findings refute existing publications that claim that the US intended to develop a Japanese market for US wheat through the school lunch program.