Several effects of the commercial and business waste discharge were investigated to evaluate the administrative management system of household waste in the Japanese 324 municipalities. A significant correlation between many factors in the household waste management and the daily per capita discharge of the commercial and business waste was obtained. Regional characteristics of the commercial activities in the objected municipalities suggest urbanization should promote the intrusion of commercial and business waste into the household waste. The difference between daily per capita total waste dealing in municipalities that do not accept the commercial and business waste and daily per capita total waste dealing in municipalities that accept the commercial and business waste was nearly 200g/capita/day. A qualification of total waste reduction with the charged waste collecting system was also extracted by using the classifications of a significant administrative waste management system and regional characteristics.

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The mass-consumption, mass-waste society faces problems such as a major increase in the volume and types of waste, and increased difficulty in optimal waste processing. As a result, the attainment of a recycling society is thought to require a total restructuring of today's social, economic and technical systems. It is hoped that a system will be developed capable of separating out raw garbage from household wastes, including from disposers. This paper discusses methods of comprehensive assessment from the simultaneous viewpoints of environmental effect, user convenience and economy. The urban environmental infrastructure, including disposers and recycling systems, are evaluated based on the methodology of life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC). In addition, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is examined as a tool to integrate criteria evaluation for multi-objective decision-making.

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Economic development in Japan after World War II has brought about a number of dramatic changes in the lifestyle of the Japanese people in relation to their dietary habits. These changes have been associated with the changing production and consumption patterns of food, and have caused significant changes to the organic resource cycle. This paper attempts to discuss the environmental indicators that effectively represent the present organic-matter resource cycle of food origin. For this, material flow and environmental load pertinent to the complete chain of human activities related to food consumption and production are analyzed for the case of Fukuoka city, based on methodologies of Substance Flow Analysis (SFA) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Activities include the agricultural sector, food processing industry, food distribution, equipment for food storage and preparation, food service, household activities of cooking and eating, and management of the disposal and recycling of food and packaging waste. The parameters that control the organic-matter resource cycle were defined, and a sensitivity analysis of the environmental indicators at the time of introducing countermeasures was performed.

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Cement production consumes large energy in the baking and crushing processes, which causes large CO₂ emission. It is possible to use fly ash and blast furnace slag as raw materials for the production of cement. Production of fly ash cement and blast furnace cement can reduce the consumption of limestone and energy, and reduce CO₂ emissions. In this research, a planning model for recycling by-products considering transportation impact is developed for evaluating environmental impact caused by increasing of blended cement. This model is implemented in a planning support prototype system using a geographic information system (GIS) and an optimization software. Furthermore, this study shows the impact of environmental tax on the production of blended cement.

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We compare the CO₂-emission between wood retaining-wall and concrete retaining-wall. The size of the retaining-wall is 2.0 meters high and 100 meters long. And we analysis the characteristics of CO₂-emission between wood retaining-wall and the concrete retaining-wall. Then we get the following results: 1) The wood retaining-wall made of local material have a smaller quantity of CO₂-emission of material compared with concrete retaining-wall, because the process of making wood retaining-wall is simpler than the concrete. 2) In the process of the construction, CO₂-emission of wood retaining-wall have a 1/6 quantity of the concrete. 3) From the viewpoint of LC CO₂, 9 year-old wood retaining-wall have the same quantity of “CO₂-emission as 50 year old concrete retaining-wall”.

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The Compact City theory is drawing attention in the city planning in recent years. One of the purposes of its concept is to reduce various types of environmental impacts from cities, such as carbon dioxide (CO₂) and solid waste generation. A large number of buildingsa nd facilitiesc onstructedi n rapide c onomic growth decadesa fter World War Two are supposedt o face abrupt finish from both of social demand and physical function standpoints. This paper focuses on estimating environmental effects to develop decentralized buildingw aste recycle systems, w hich are planned, based on the Industrial Ecology Strategy. Larger environmentali mprovemente ffects particularly in downtown districts are evaluated through simulation study for Osaka City.

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Environmental issues resulting from the restructuring of urban space is a commonp roblema mong urban areas. In order to address these issues, it is necessary to evaluate the global and local impacts of the environmental load being generated. This paper presents a model system to estimate the major environmental load in a city. The model highlights the treatment of most infrastructure and buildings comprising the study area. Environmental load is estimated using the method of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The model also estimates the impact of additional buildings and infrastructures to the environmental load. The estimated values of environmental load are summarized as an integrated indicator referred to as “Environmenta Flriendliness Point”(EFP). Finally, the effectiveness of the model is clarified by applying various house-building measures and urban spatial structural changes.

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In urban area, large amount of anthropogenic heat affects the heat environment in ravines of buildings. In order to predict the heat environment in urban areas minutely, an ‘urban canopy model’ was developed which can predict the air temperature in ravines of buildings. This model was connected with the numerical model for predicting wind and atmospheric temperature distribution three dimensionally developed by authors.
The numerical simulation on Tokyo 23 wards in a tropical day showed that the air temperature in ravines of buildings in central Tokyo tends to be high in addition to inland area of Tokyo 23 wards in daytime. It was found that, in ravines of buildings, the anthropogenic heat affects the air temperature more sensitively than the temperature above roofs of buildings.

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In this paper, the relationship between household energy comsumption for air-conditioning in summer and constitution of family in urban area was analyzed by using the model developed in the authors' previous study (1999). This model calculates the distributions of air-conditioning load for a typical household in urban area. Based on this model, a case study for different types of constitutions of families, which were assumed with regard to the numbers of families, was performed in case of Fukuoka City area. For each category of the family constiturion, the working pattern of airconditioners was established referring to the reports by EDMC (The Energy Data and Modeling Center), etc. Then, the influences by the changes of the family constitutions, which were assumed to be increasing in ratio of one-person housholds and working women, were estimated spatially and discussed quantitatively for Fukuoka City area. As a result of this analysis, the air-conditioning energy load of the category of one-person family increased and the load of the fourperson category decreased with this assumed change of family constitutions

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The authors have developed the Ancillary-effects estimating model for Local governments to Improve Comprehensive Environment (ALICE) which calculates reduced air pollutant emissions by the greenhouse gas mitigation measures. The model developed here has been applied to a local government in order to estimate the concrete effects on air quality from the local government's greenhouse gas mitigation measures until 2010.
Main findings are as follows:
1) The greenhouse gas mitigation measures that will reduce carbon dioxides (CO₂) emission by 23% with compared to a reference (without measures) case in 2010 would have effects decreasing both nitrogen oxides (NO_x) emission and particulate matter (PM) emission by 11%.
2) In residential and commercial sectors the greenhouse gas mitigation measures would have equal or more effects on the emission reduction of NO_x and PM as on CO₂ emission reduction. On the other hand the measures, in industry and transport sectors, would have aquarter to half effects on the emission reduction of NO_x and PM comparing on CO₂ emission reduction.
3) The voluntary action program by steel industry and the decrease of emission factors of power generation would have significant effects on the emission reduction of CO₂, NO_x and PM.
4) The emission of NO_x and PM in some areas would be decreased substantiallby yimplementing the greenhouse gas mitigation measures.

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The potential of reducing CO₂ emissions in energy supply for non-industrial use were investigated in Tokyo 23 wards area. The projected area was divided into elements (250m×250m), and the suitable electricity and heat supply system for reduction of CO₂ emission was selected in each element from the following options, co-generation system, district heating and cooling system using waste heat from solid waste incineration plants and conventional electricity and heat supply system. In case that these systems are assumed to substitute for thermal power generation, CGS was introduced around 5% of elements, and district heating and cooling system was introduced around 3% of elements. In this case, total annual reduction of CO₂ emissions was 2.3 Mt-CO₂, which corresponds to 7.6% of total CO₂ emissions in energy supply for non-industrial use. In case that these systems are assumed to substitute for the average of all power generation systems, CGS was introduced only 1.3% of elements, and total annual reduction was 0.5 Mt-CO₂, which corresponds to 2.0% of total CO₂ emissions in energy supply for non-industrial use.

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The formation system of groundwater quality was examined by geochemical classification using major ion concentrations with groundwater temperature distributions, and geological and topographical conditions for the groundwaters in three areas of Niigata Prefecture. Groundwaters were classified based on the ratios of major ion concentrations.
Spatial distributions of groundwater temperature and groundwater quality types were related to each other. This suggested the influences of geopressured hydrothermal water and groundwater flow through alluvial fans. Geological and topographical conditions resulted in the geological oxidation-reduction environment which determined the concentration of SO₄^2- and so on. Cation concentrations were influenced by ion exchange with rock. Na-Cl type waters were estimated to be originated from the fossil sea water of deep ground. Na-HCO₃ type waters could be categorized into two types based on the relation between groundwater temperature and Na⁺/Ca²⁺ equivalent concentration ratio. One type was strongly influenced by alluvial groundwater for which the rate of ion exchange was controlled mainly by residence time. The other type was influenced by hydrothermal water for which the rate of ion exchange was controlled mainly by water temperature. The existence of Na-Cl type and Na-HCO₃ type groundwaters suggested the existence of concealed faults.

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In this research, we installed the storm water storage tank, which has three functions of pollutant control, flood control and Rainwater use, to the end pipe of the separate system. We examined the effect of the real time control (RTC) introduction with the scenario selection in the study area in the catchment basin, which has a measured data. As a result, a late peaking case is satisfied with the pollutant reduction by the RTC and also at the Rainwater use tank, the best control settles COD and SS concentration at about 0.3mg/1 and 0.9mg/1. To use a RTC method as the measure of the discharge problem from urban area during a storm event was clarified.

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Artificial lagoon that aims restoration of littoral zone in lake and non-point pollutants control was constructed in 1998 at the river mouth of Kawajiri River which flows into Lake Kasumigaura in Japan. This artificial lagoon has an area of ca. 30, 000m² and a depth of 1.0m. The function of artificial lagoon for pollutant control was surveyed in 1999 and 2000. Water quality in artificial lagoon is mid-range between river and lake under normal weather condition. Artificial lagoon cuts 10-50% of SS, 20-50% of T-N, and 30-99% of T-P of runoff of rainwater. Annual removal ration of artificial lagoon was estimated between December '98 and November '99. Removal ratio was calculated as the ratio between sedimentation weight in artificial lagoon and annual load of Kawajiri river. 191% of SS, 19% of T-N, and 83% of T-P was removed by artificial lagoon. This SS probably includes not only river load but also lake load.

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High-level purification of drinking water have been carried out in Osaka prefecture since 1998. In this study, we investigated citizen's evaluation about the high-level puification. About50% of the citizens felt changes in chinking water. Citizens who feel anxiety for smell of thinking water were decreased. The amount of purchased bottled water was decreased. But about75% of the citizen still feel the anxiety of dtinking water atter the introduction of the high-level purification Therefore, the water service supplier must provide the more infotmation about the safety of drinking wate.

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The Focus of this paper is on how the hosts, who undertake lural resources and cultures, develop their role-consciousness as hosts (Host-Consciousness) through the exchange with guests participating in the exchange program. For the “Experience Nanki Kumano” Exposition, we carried out questionnaires towards leaders (hosts) who played the role in preparation, operation, supporting anddirecting the participants, and then summarized them into 4 types after the analysis. Moreover, we found out that the tendency of Host-Consciousness is different for each type of host, so we pointed out the necessity of supporting methods respectively.

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Kamigyo ward in Kyoto city is historical and cultural area, and many aged persons are living there. However, the area has potential risk for earthquake by active faults. This paper concretely shows the weak area against them. It is significant information for mitigation plan. Firstly, the characteristics and the problems of Kamigyo ward are mentioned through the field works. Secondly, the dangerous factors, such as blind alley and aged persons, are clarified. And the weak area against disasters.is defined by them with GIS. Finally daily activities of aged persons are researched to consider the dangerousness at outbreak of disaster.

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The Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake gave a strong impact on water supply system management. One of the most important point is that citizens must bear uncomfortable living for a long period. It is important for water supply system in the future to be reestablished including the viewpoint of psychology and the behavior of the citizens.
In this paper, the model of emergency water supply was developed and citizens' life situations concerning the emer-gency water supply for the restoration period were presumed. Citizen's complaint by telephone received by Kobe Coty Office was compiled for 500x500m gird cells. The number of citizen's complaint by telephone was described using the result of principal component analysis on emergency water supply condition such as restoration days and the difference in quantity of supplied water. As time is needed for the restoration, citizen would sense the unfairness. Ideal goal period of emergency restoration, in which citizen's complaint by telephone does not arise, was estimated to be within one week.

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We analyzed and compared environmental stance of a private enterprise and a basic self governing body which positively carry out environmental policies. We tried the valuation andtype of their environmental-activity again, and found the process of their actions for environmental problem. First step is to take the lead in improving a direct influence for environment. Second step is for a concern to take part in the performance to improve a indirect influence for environment. Third step is to improve the environmental burden in partnership with the various subjects. With keeping above-stated contents in their mind, it is important to form low-environmental-burden area.

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This paper estimated the damage from road traffic noise and analyzed the effects of integrated noise reduction policies in Sendai City. First road traffic noise analysis model was developed which consisted of road traffic assignment model and road traffic noise estimation model. Then policy measures such as noiseless pavement (drainage asphalt pavement and porous elastic road surface), cordon pricing and the combined action were tested. We found that drainage asphalt pavement was more efficient than porous elastic road surface in terms of cost/benefit ratio. We also predicted that cordon pricing without beltways caused deterioration of noise damage around the cordon line, while cordon pricing with beltways decreased total noise damage with little deterioration there.

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Generally, as for the large-scale development, a planning and construction period turns in a long time. And the change of the sense of values happens for this period. Because of this, the plan that is thought to be the most rational at the early stages of a plan often becomes far from the inhabitant's request at the time of the completion. In other words, large-scale development project involves self-contradiction. The occurrence of the conflict between the environment side player and the development side player causes self-contradiction to come out. In this paper, a change of the sense of values and the decline of the disaster consciousness are modeled by the attitude change function.This function consists of the mutual influence models which describes the mutual influence between the players and the oblivion models which describes a change in a time target of the person's oblivion. An analysis by the circulation to take a time shaft into consideration becomes possible by combining the model with the conflict analysis that is focusedon a stability analysis. This model is applied to the problem of Nagara River mouth weir to check the adaptability of themodel, and to do a history analysis.

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A new approach to promote coastal works with public agreement was tested experimentally at the Kinoppu coast in Ohata Town in Aomori Prefecture. The new seacoast law enforced on April 1, 2000 requests public agreement to initiate new coastal works. In this study, a public hearing method was developed to exchange views on coastal works at the Kinoppucoast. A method to reach consensus between engineers in the administration, consultants, academic people and inhabitants through discussions and field trip was created toobtain public agreement on coastal works of this coast. Public hearing was carried out four times at the Kinoppucoast. Based on the discussions, various measures were proposed, including construction of a safe promenadealong the rocky coastline and an access road from visitor's house to the beach along a small river, improvementof a gently sloping revetment and the transformation of the aquaculture facility into a swimming pool for students.

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We investigated visitor's opinion of parks around ponds, which were improved as delightful parks, by questionnaires. Based on the results of our questionnaires, we investigated methods of improvement on water recreation facilities and environmental education facilities. To make the park good water recreational facility, we must preserve water quality in the pond and make facilities in which visitors can approach waterside safely. It is suitable for the place of environmental education that facilities where visitors can easily and safely approach a waterside and observe cosystem in the pond.

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Recently environment-friendly public works are demanded. We evaluated an advantage of the utilization of rainwater and treated domestic wastewater in urban area. The rainwater utilization is the use of rainfall on the roofs and collected runoff storm water in the storm water reservoir for flood controls. In the reuse of treated domestic wastewater, wastewater from the raw sewage is not reused. That is “Domestic Water Recycling System”. Water dispersion system (the use of rainfall on the roofs recycling system) are effective in the decrease of the resources consumption and the environmentaloads.

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Recently, various concepts of cyclic industrial systems to cope with serious global environmental problems have been appeared, such as Industrial-Ecology, Inverse- Manufacturing, Industrial-Transformation and Extended Producers Responsibility (EPR) etc. The purpose of this study is to chear that environmental Policies to enhance Inverse-Manufacturing are effective on economy by using Applied Computable General Equilibrium Model (CGE). As a result of analysis, it is recognized that subsidy coin policy to Inverse-Manufacturing is effective at the initial stage in a process from the present industrial system to recycle-oriented one and eco-design takes an important role in order to enhance recycle-oriented-industry.

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Water supply systems are used by 96% of the Japanese population. Topics currently under study within water works management are the renewal of aged facilities and the improvement of overall system reliability. In order to ensure effective investment in maintenance and renewal of systems, it is important to demonstrate the effect that a project will have in improving the system.
This paper deals with a method to analyze the benefit that an improvement project will have on a water supply system. The water supply system supplies water with some reliability under various environments. Such as, water quality and quantity fluctuations and natural disasters. The index of project effect was defined by the benefit and cost of the water supply, and the cost of the project. The benefit of water supply was divided into three categories. They are, domestic usage, usage for public and commercial activities and industrial usage. The benefit of water supply for domestic usage was evaluated by prices of alternative water and the cost of alternatives to water. The benefits for the public, commercial and industrial usages were calculated by using value added productivity.
The presented method was used for case studies on a water main improvement project and an earthquake resistance project.

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It has been thought that flood control is important to improve rivers; however, this often adversely impacts the ecology of the river and water quality. Recently, the importance of preserving the natural environment and waterscape amenity has been linked to improving the riverside. Changing the banks of rivers, however, can lead to many problems with residents who live there.
In this study, we studied the behavior of school children and their parents along the Murasaki river in Kitakyushu city. The authors gave out a survey in 1999 to 1350 residents who live along this river. A quantification theory (III) was conducted and the results indicated these residents want riverside improvements that are particularly relevant for children. The authors also discussed possible future improvements for the Murasaki river.

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Aquatic animals were monitored at two different artificially constructed streams near a dam lake (Higashi-Arakawa dam lake, Shioya-Cho, Tochigi prefecture) in central Japan. One (stream A) was an U-shaped, shallow stream in a park situated near the dam lake and was constructed in an openspace without any structural consideration as habitat for aquatic animals. The other (stream B) was also an U-shaped stream but large stones were placed inside for the purpose of providing space between stones as habitat for animals, and the stream inself was surrounded by trees and grassland.
In both streams, we set up two 4m-long experimental blocks and placed floating stones inside them. We monitored the number of each aquatic animal species by collecting them before and after the placement of floating stones. We also censused frogs in both streams.
The number of aquatic animal species and their numbers both increaced in the experimental blocks in the stream B but not in the stream A. Frogs, especially a stream-living species Buergeria buergeri, were found to breed in the stream B but again not in the stream A. The difference between the results from two streams seemed to be related to the difference in the surrounding environment and the original structure with or without considerations as habitat for animals.
We proposed some ideas on stream construction that would be suitable for animals to use as their habitat and yet not harmfull for the primary function of the stream in time of heavy rain.

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At Daiichi-funt River in Hiroshima, we investigated early herbaceous succession of ecotone vegetation on river restoration. We surveyed species composition, coverage and vegetation height. We also examine life-form composition, degree of succession and species diversity of the community, respectively. Following results were obtained. 1) The stands on ecotone vegetation of 36 quadrates were divided into 7 groups by their species composition. These groups were related with completion time of river restoration by detrended coirespondence analysis. 2) Although succession was advanced, species diversity and ratio of naturalized species hardly became high. The ecotone succession is expected to remain stagnant for a long time. 3) The palm fiber roll on riversidedge was decomposed in the two-half years after construction and new habitat for annual herb has appeared. So, the community of ecotone vegetation has contained some annual herbs.

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Distribution of four woody plant communities, Salix chaenomeloides community, S. gracilistyla community, Alnus serrulatoides community and Elaegnus umbellata community, is described in relation to their habitat characteristics in middle and lower reaches of the Naka River, Shikoku, Japan. Two Salix communities are distributed at the most unstable sites, close to low water channel where flood disturbance frequently occurs. This is due to on the necessity of water for their germination from their seeds. S. chaenomeloides prefers gravel bar composed of rather finer sediments in lower reach, while S. gracilistyla prefers rocky beds in upper reaches. A. serrulatoides occurs on middle part of rocky beds or some of alternative bars in upper reach. E. umbellate occurs on the highest part of huge rocks or gravel bars in upper and lower reaches. A. serrulatoides and E. umbellata can colonize at nutrient-poor sites due to their nitrogen fixation ability. E. umbellata communities in lower reach have been established from the 1980s. This might relate to their seed -dispersal trait that seeds are carried by birds. These ecological traits have to be considered to develop techniques for managing riparian plant communities

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The aim of this research is to develop strategic programs for rice-terrace conservation. In this research we used the PCM (Project Cycle Management) Method, and selected K amikatsu-town's rice-terrace as our research field. Through the analysis on the results of the programs for rice-terrace conservation and the PCM from their characteristics and effectiveness, logical and effective rice-terrace conservation programs are obtained, and it is f ound that the PCM consists of “analytic work with scientific decision” and “selective work with strategic decision”. As a result, it is found that the PCM has integrated elements which are easy to understand on process of making an agreement

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Auroville was originally started in accordance with the views of Indian philosopher ‘Sri.Aurobindo’ and his pupil ‘Mother’ in 1968. Since then, Auroville was advanced as world community under the support and protection of Indian Government and UNESCO. Auroville was established with afforestation and the solution of the conflict for village around Auroville and ashram. Now Auroville is special community, because Auroville is run without rules and leaders. We paied attention to ‘Auroville’s special environmental social system‘. And we aimed to clarify ’Auroville‘s environmental social system and the factor of the foundation and advance of Auroville.’ And we proposed new knowledge the way of design of the eco-community.

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In Japan, the water utilization in urban areas is controlled separately by managers of water supply systems, sewer systems and river systems. It is a reason why a total countermeasure is not adopted for various risks. In this paper, these managers are considered in one water circulation system, and a hierarchical water circulation model is proposed to deal with how to mitigate the risks of the earthquake disaster, the environmental disaster and the drought disaster for water supply in urban areas. The model is consists of a river layer, a water supply layer, a water user layer and a sewerage layer, and decision makers of each layers are considered in it. The model is constructed by GIS. The application of this model is expected to provide necessary information to the mitigation plan of the disaster.

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Industrial Ecology has attained global concems in the manufacturing sectors. The idea has been highly validated as the key concept for new urban development strategy. While Kalundborg is recognized as the advanced samplewhich spatiallymaterialized theindustrial ecology concept in industrial complex. This paper focus the well-recognized examples of cycle oriented industrial complex development in Europe, the United States, and Japan. While comparing the decision making process among three progressive Cycle industrial complex projects, that is Kaluridborg in Denmark, Fairfield in the United States and Kitakyushu Eco-town in Japan, material flows are categorized into on-site orinfra-site, and five hierarchical recycle process.

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A basic concept of non flushing toilets and the system of their utilization isproposed. The toilets have low environmental loads, and also have possibilities to change organic matters emittedin houses from waste to resource. In houses, both garbage and excrement are dried in the toilets. Then dried organic matters are collected to composting plants, and then they are changed to the fertilizer.
Advantages of this toilet are as follows.
1. This toilet saves water resources.
2. The eutrophication of sea and lakes is not brought about, because the nutrient is not carried in the sewerage.
3. The soil in the farmland is supplied with phosphorus and mineral.

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To solve many of global environmental issues, there is a need to raise environmental awareness and to carry out environmental conscious behavior. But we've known that it is very hard to do so, because it is quite difficult to recognize that relationship between individuals and their environment. We have come to realize that reflecting upon our diets has much to do with reviewing the relationship. The questionnaire was then conducted on the members of “SOGEN”, a group of people who take macrobiotics. As a result of it, the vegetarians who take macrobiotics as their diets are more aware of the environmental issues than those who are merely considered to be “vegetarians”. Therefore, not until we practice to have only macrobiotics and have ideals for macrobiotic lifestyle, we can have more environmental awareness and practice conscious behavior. To solve the global environmental issues, it is a good idea to start the macrobiotic diet. And, we propose this idea to the new one's lifestyle.

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This study is to elucidate the characteristics of habitat for Medaka Oryzias latipes in both irrigated and unirrigated seasons through field investigation made over 71 km at the suburban irrigation canal in Tokushima City.
In unirrigated season, the water flow and velocity had decreased and about half of the irrigation canal, especially narrow one had dried up. As a result, organic matter pollution had increased in bayous. 15 fish species were found in irrigated season and 13 in the other. In unirrigated season, there was some canal with no fish even the canal wasn't dried up. The number of Medaka found also reduced, however the number found of other fish did much more. Other fish than Medaka may have more influence of dried up. It may be difficult for Medaka to return to canal which had dried up once, because of Medaka's lack of locomotive. Medaka needs an environment with the velocity under 10 cm/sec, and in irrigation canal, submerged plants help forming bayous. Also, submerged plants are considered important because of its role of spawning ground. Through our investigation, no relationship was found between habitat for Medaka and organic matter pollution.

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The relationship between fish fauna and physical environmental factors was studied in the reach including a dam, in the Katsuura River, eastern Shikoku Island, Japan. We set five investigational stations: three in regulated low-flow portion below Masaki Dam and two in unregulated portion in the river. The first station of unregulated portion was located upstream of the dam reservoir. The second station of unregulated portion was located below the outlet of the hydroelectric power plant settled at 8 km downstream from the dam. Each station consists of 20-31 transverse lines to observe the occurrence of fishes and to measure the environmental factors.
In total 17 species were recognized in five investigational stations. We attempted to examine the species diversity, and both combination and diversity of six environmental types classified by 17 environmental factors on the transverse lines in each station. The tendency of low species diversity was observed in the regulated portion, corresponding to the low environmental diversity. Furthermore, the abundance of certain environmental types and low species diversity in certain environmental types also corresponded to the low species diversity in the regulated portion. These two findings suggest that the species diversity of stream fishes was affected by both the environmental diversity and the species diversity subsisted in each environmental type.

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To mitigate many impacts, several types of fishway have been developed until now. Among them, pool-and-weir-fishway are the most popular type in Japan, and the number of cases would be over 10, 000. The feature of the pool-and-weir-fishway has two just different flow patterns inside the pool; Plunging Flow and Streaming Flow. Although these flow patterns are fundamental factors whether fish succeed in accessing to the upstream or not, it was not made clear how to decide the parameters such as the pool length, pool depth and weir top pattern. In this study, these important parameters which influence these flow patterns were selected, and several patterns of experiments using an actual scale model were done changing parameters in various value in order to develop the way of designing the pool-and-weir-fishway. Furthermore, fish behaviors were observed in these flow patterns, and the features were grasped. This result could be good information to consider the series of the relation; the design of fishway, flow pattern and fish behavior.

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These days, riverbank protection works that are intended to work as pupation place for fireflies, Luciola cruciata, are popular in Yamaguchi prefecture. Although many such works has already been constructed, some of them are successful and others are failed. Follow-up surveys to check the reason of success or failure of the works have not conducted yet. In this study, we conducted field surveys to know how fireflies utilize bank protection works in the Ichinosaka River, a famous river by fireflies. We tracked the climbing larvae from April to May 1999 and checked out the pupation place. Next, we established nets on the revetment and the bed of the river from May to June and counted the number of emergence of fireflies. From those surveys, we found that not only revetment but also major bed was utilized as pupation place byfireflies. Not only the revetment but also lighting condition, current velocity, height of the major bed and the maintenance program for those facilities are found to be important.

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Originally, vast gravel bars spread in fluvial fan. Gravel mining, however, caused a great change of this spatial distribution of habitats and had resulted in the reduction of gravel area and the increase of wood area In this study, inundation frequency was focused to realize the factor for the change of habitats, and analyzed the relationship between each habitat type and their inundation frequency. Shizukuishi River was chosen for the study river, whichad taken a great change of habitats indicated above. Aerial photograph was used for the grasp of the habitat changes and the river morphology during past five decades, and historical daily discharge data was analyzed to estimate inundation frequency. Based on this study, the morphological change caused by gravel mining had caused the alteration of inundation frequency, and this alteration would be a key element for the reduction of the gravel area and the increase of the wood area in the rivers. Especially, a specific inundation frequency, l-5days/year could be an important threshold for the evaluation what kind of habitat will be.

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Elaeagnus umbellata dominates widely on some of gravel bars in the Yoshino River, Shikoku, Japan. This pioneer shrub is thought to be ornithochorous, because of its fleshy-fruitedness. However, for its uniform stand-structure, the possibility of water dispersal throughout the water-course during autumn fruit-ripening season was considered. The habitat characteristics (gravel size, relative elevation from low-water level) of the patches distributed in the reach 17- 77 km from river-mouth were investigated to explain their spatial distribution. The habitats were determined to be located about 2-4 m from low-water level, and to be composed of relatively large gravels, which enable the seedlings to withstand the flood disturbances. The establishment years of the cohorts corresponded well with autumn flood records. The synchronous age structure throughout the reach may be due to seed dispersal by water and also to availability of safe-sites which were provided by human activities.

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The authors tried to categorize response pattern of understory plants to artificial shading in terms of life history strategy for vegetation management. An experimental plot located in Hokkaido University Tomakomai experimental forest, Hokkaido Prefecture, northern part of Japan. Phenological response of understory plants to artificial shading in broad-leaved deciduous forest was investigated in field plots over two growing seasons, 1996-1997. Two replicate plots were established for each of three treatments: early shading, late shading, and intact control. Foliage period, height and number of 8 species of herbaceous understory species were monitored non-destructively in the plots.
Changes in foliage period of Smilacina japonica, Maianthmum dilatatum and Trillium tschonoskii in early shading plot were significant shorted, but foliage period of Adonis ramosa in early shading plot was significant elonged. And Change in foliage period of Smilacina japonica and Maianthmum dilatatum in late shading plot were significant elongated. Changes in height of Adonis ramosa and Maianthmum dilatatum in early shading plot were significant heighten. Changes in absolute abundance of Adonis ramosa and Phryma leptostachya asiatica in early shading plots were significant decreased, and Phryma leptostachya asiatica in late shading plots was significant decreased.

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Natural environmental spaces are important for residents to enjoy in daily life and to take refuge in case of disaster. Therefore, spatial planning must be considered with both situation and their consciousness. This paper shows the location where used for these, and make clear the relation of these characteristics and user's cognition.
Fieldwork and consciousness research concerning natural spaces at Hokusetsu region in Osaka prefecture were done. These characteristics that give influence to users are structured with ISM, and these are classified to hierarchy by area. The relation between hierarchies is analyzed by voronoi diagram. And the locations far from natural spaces are made clear by void circle.
The relations of these characteristics and user's cognition are modeled with latent variables that are given factors by exploratory factor analysis model. These relations are analyzed with covariance structure model, and made clear by every hierarchy.

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This study was aimed to estimate changes in the people's payoff matrix, payoff difference, which must had differed significantly before and after the soap movement in Shiga Prefecture in the late 1970s with the assumption that the movement was a commons dilemma game. The changes were eventually estimated through experimental games played by university students and changes in the usage of powder soap in Shiga. As a result, it was illustrated that no band-wagon effect was observed in the above commons dilemma game, and the payoff difference must had changed at least from 5 to 2 in the game assumed in this study.

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Recycle Information Matching System on internet aims at promoting recycling symbiotic society as nature in which there is no waste and everything is recycled as a resource. This recycle information matching system offers recycle cyber market and supports group of business people who are looking for the partner to turn their wastes into useful products. Firstly, this paper discusses the present state of recycling in company and what are the obstacles of recycling, by asking those questions to some of the member company of Osaka Chambers of Commerce. Secondly, to find out specific requirements for this system, such as what kind of contents and what kind of services they would expect, survey to some company and comparison to other business information matching system are discussed in this paper. Finally, this paper identifies target web administrator, contents and database, free services and additional services and structure of recycle information matching system.

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Nowadays, many people show a marked tendency toward to select their favorite amenities when they want to move or settle. The regional quality and quantity of amenities becomes the decisive factors for regional planning. This paper directs an attention to the relations between amenities and residential movement for regional stability analysis.
Firstly, this paper proposes a linear differential equations model composed of amenities and household characteristics for analyzing the regional structure changing process considering with life stages of residents focused on the aged. Secondly, stability analysis in differential equations system is applied to classify the states of urban system with some policy parameters. And lastly, amenities investment model is proposed with maximum principle for finding the policy parameters which makes urban stable state in future.

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In spite of a number of studies made on the quantification of the relationship between urbanization and associated environmental impacts, there remain very fundamental questions to be discussed more in detail. The definition and the scale of cities vary largely among countries. Comparison of data for different cities in different countries requires careful consideration. In its first place, this paper compares the cities in Japan, Korea and China in terms of their population size, land area and population density, trying to identify the commonalities and differences of the definition of cities in the three countries and analyze the relationship between the scales of cities and urban environmental indicators. Results demonstrates that large cities according to the definitions in the three countries, i. e., designated cities in Japan, the greater regional cities in Korea and the direct control cities in China have a number of similarities with respectto their total population and population density per unit land area. Then, the paper compares environmental indicators for the large cities in the three countries. While indicators of human need for basic urban services, e. g. per capita water supply and domestic waste collection, show no big difference among cities in the three countries. Indicators demonstrating the levels of consumption activities have significant difference among countries but are at a similar level regardless of the size of cities in the same country. In addition, apparentscale merit can be observed in the construction of urban infrastructures such as sewage pipe and road, which mayindicate that larger cities can provide better services with lower per capita stocks of urban infrastructures.

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We developed a simplified model to calculate climate response based on prescribed greenhouse gas emissions. The model composed with five sub-models, 1) a sub-model for carbon cycling among atmosphere, oceans and biosphere, 2) a sub-model for atmospheric chemistry, 3) a sub-model for radiative forcing, 4) a sub-model for temperature change, and 5) a sub-model for sea level rise. With this model, the projected temperature and sea level rise in 2100 are 1.3-4.7 C and 13-97 cm from 1990 level, based on the SRES emission scenarios.

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We projected global mean temperature and sea level change during the 21^st century based on published 259 emission scenarios, and estimated their rises are within 0.9-4.6C and 30-73 cm by the end of the 21^st century. Most of the scenarios cannot accomplish “climatic stabilization” from view points of the greenhouse gas concentrations, the global temperature rise or the sea level rise within the next century. We extrapolated the emission scenarios in order to approach stabilization targets during the 23^rd century. The allowable emission mutes which reach the targets depend on the assumptions such as minimum emissions and maximum reduction rate of emissions. In case of the maximum reduction rate is 0.15 GtCy^-2 and the stabilization target is 450 ppmv in the 23^rd century, the cumulative GHG emissions during 1990-2050 and 1990-2100 are less than 867 GtC and 1389 GtC respectively.

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