To mitigate climate change, municipalities have began to develop long term scenarios to achive low carbon society. However, municipalities face grater uncertainty and instability because of greater openness of socio-economic strucure.In this study, we developed a method for local low carbon society scenario with regarding of such openness of economy. A quantitative estimation tool to show quantitative future snapshot and to assess greenhouse gas emissions and its reduction potential of counter measures. We applied this method to Kyoto city in 2030, and identified counter measures to reduce its CO₂ emissons 50% related to 1990. Among the measures categories, energy efficiency improvement of household and commercial sectors were found relatively large (15% and 18%, respectively). Sensitivity analysis was also conducted and it is showed that 10% increase/decrease of export leads 8.5% i ncrease/decrease of CO₂ emissions.

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Recently many municipalities and governments have stated that they will promote a compact urban layout as one of countermeasures for reducing CO₂ emissions. It should be easy for municipalities to confirm environmental effects of compact urban layout, but quantitative information about CO₂ reduction caused by compact urban layout, based on present state and redevelopment projects, are not yet completely available. An objective of this study is to evaluate the various compact urban layout scenarios that use SLIM CITY model from the viewpoint of CO₂ reduction. Overall, this study shows that a corridor type urban layout scenario is significant from sustainable point of view.

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To reduce CO₂ emission by automobile usage, urban layout control such as making compact city regarded as the efficient method. This study aims to estimate CO2 emission by automobile usage at 38 cities from 1987 to 2005 based on National Person Trip Survey. The findings is that though urban density (compactness) in each city affects CO₂ emission by automobile, no city could reduce the CO₂ emission level during this period. It is also clarified that the increase of local automobile users is the most significant factor to affecthe time series changes of CO₂ emission by automobile.

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Many developing countries are vulnerable to climate change and adaptation to the adverse impact is an urgent issue for those countries. However, in most developing countries, it is still rather difficult and insufficient to address problems and disasters caused by current weather and/or climate condition. In those countries, adaptation are tend to be undertaken not as stand-alone measures, but as a part of regional or national development assistance plans or projects.
This paper proposes a viewpoint to assess adaptation function of such projects. It helps project implementers to understand what kind of adaptation function is already provided and effective in conventional cooperation projects, and what kind of function is insufficient among them.

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We propose the reconciliation method to estimate the monetary and energy accounts which are co nsistent with statistics.We show the energy consumption and CO₂ emissions by using this accounting system.We used various statistics, for instance industrial statistics, national accounts, trade statistics, agricultural statistics, energy statistics, etc., The result shows that global total energy consumption and big country's energy consumption are not quite different from energy statistics.However, some specific country's energy consumption is different from energy stati stics.We could find two main reasons why they are different.One is that we used several energy statistics and the other is that the economic information supplemented energy flows.

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Mitigation options of CH₄ and N₂O emissions from agriculture can be relatively inexpensive to CO₂-only mitigation.They are expected to play an important role in climate strategies.In this study, we developed an integrated model to provide along-term perspective and a quantitative basis for analyzing the GHG emissions in agriculture for 23 world regions.The main objective is to quantify the relative importance of major emissions resources.In the result, world total meat production will increase by 1.9 times from 2000 to 2030 with population growth and a gradual shift from the main staples to meat products, particularly in the developing countries.World total CH₄ and N₂O emissions from agriculture are 3960 MtCO₂eq in 2000.They increase by 1.4 times up to 2030 mainly depending on growth of population, food production and fertilizer consumption. Large reduction potentials are estimated in developing regions such as China, , India.The options with highest economic efficiency are “Slowing down anaerobic decomposition”.

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In recent years, climate change issues have attracted increased attention to China, as the most rapid sources of CO₂ emissions due to the dramatically increasing of economic outputs. The iron and steel industry in China is regarded as one of extreme cases where the physical amount of steel production has dramatically grown since 2000. First, this study evaluates the regional disparity of industry's production efficiencies considering CO₂ emissions with the Directional Distance Function model in the Chinese iron and steel sector in 2003. Then, we estimate marginal abatement costs by using the production efficiency score. Based on these results, the optimal allocation of the budget for CO₂ emission reductions are performed. The results show that many provinces in coastal areas are efficient in producing steel, while the inland provinces are far behind. If all provinces reach the efficiency frontiers of production, Chinese iron and steel sector can potentially reduce 180 million tons of CO₂ emissions. The optimal allocation strategy for CO₂ emissions reduction is the most effective in the range of budget scale between 50 billion yuan and 70 billion yuan.

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This study is intended to summarize some points for discussion on decision-making issues under uncertainty, and to apply some decision-making criteria to choice of climate stabilization policies in view of cost-benefit analysis with simulation analysis using the spatial dynamic optimization model.In the analysis of application of decision-making criteria to climate stabilization policy in the world, even if any criteria are adopted, the 650 ppm of CO₂ concentration scenario is selected.On the other hands, in Japan, though the 650 ppm of CO₂ concentration scenario is selected in most criteria, more pessimistic criteria make selection of more strict alternatives, the 550 ppm of CO₂ concentration scenario.

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In order to analyze the potential of wind power generation in Japan, we calculated annual amount of power generation and economical balance of wind power generation considering meteorological conditions and social characteristics in 152 municipalities where meteorological observatories were placed. Meteorological conditions include the average of wind velocity and the risk of lightning strike and storm. After evaluating wind power generation projects based on the economic method using NPV (Net Present Value) indicator, we showed the ratio of municipalities those could offset deficit through the system of taking up electricity and the emissions trading as policies for wind power use popularization. The average of wind velocity was indicated to be the dominant factor for the economical balance followed by the price of taken up electricity in every municipality.

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CO₂ reduction potential was investegated for district heating and cooling system using waste heat from existing solid waste incineration plants in Japan. The amount of available heat for 500 continuously operated plants was estimated using the actual amount of treatment, and the surrounding heat demand for these plants was analyzed using lkm grid level information on GIS. Then, CO₂ reduction potential was calculated by monthly heat supply and demand with considering the induced CO₂ emission from construction of pipe network for district heating and cooling system. As a result, CO₂ reduction potential was estimated to be 0.5-2.8 million tons per year.

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An off-line heat supply system has been developed to enable industrial exhaust heat transfer to the distant user with very little heat loss. In this paper, we developed a GIS-based decision support system to estimate the spatial distribution of exhaust heat generated from industrial plants. Using the support system we evaluated CO₂ emission reduction by introducing an off-line heat supply system in the Keihin industrial waterfront area, Kanagawa prefecture. The result showed that an off-line supply system of exhaust heat would reduce CO₂ emission by 12%, compared with an on-line supply system.

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In this research, the system is constructed that evaluates the environmental load reduction measures for the wooden houses including the effect of carbon absorption and carbon stock. And, for the wooden experiment house, the amount of the environmental load reduction by the improvement of the thermal environment and the energy recovery is evaluated. Then, the environmental improvement potential when the environmental load reduction measure is developed toward the region is evaluated. As a result, there is reduction potential of 190kt-CO₂ per year in Japan when assuming that each measure was introduced into the wooden houses that corresponds to dismantlement floor area in 2010.

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In our paper reported last year, we showed the accident risk assessment model and the leakage risk assessment model using the quantification theory for pipeline networks replacement planning. It became clear that diagnoses by the proposed models were helpful in identifying which parts shall be given priority attention. The purpose of this study is to verify the proposed risk assessment model using the data of another area. As a result of the case study for S city, it was revealed that our created model had a common frame as to model structure. Comparing the new model with the former one, it was suggested that suitable adjustments of the model were needed when we clearly defined a high-risk part in the target area.

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The purpose of this study is to estimate a failure rate of water distribution pipeline by the reliability theory, analyzing the questionnaire survey data of the actual pipeline leakage accident. We focused on a relationship between time [year] to failure and pipeline materials. This paper proposed an improved unreliability function, taking into consideration the difference of pipeline constructed length [km]. As a result of analysis, we described the curves of failure rate for ductile iron pipe, steel pipe and rigid polyvinyl chloride pipe. It was revealed that the failure rate increased with extending the laid period of the pipeline.

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A multimedia exposure assessment model for mercury was developed in this study. The model was aimed at evaluating transitional amounts of mercury through the atmosphere, soil, oceanic, and foodchain, and final exposure doses to human. By using the model, an exposure assessment for mercury emitted from a virtual large point source (10 kg/y) was conducted. The calculated exposure dose was 7.7×10^-9 g/d that was 1/1, 000 or less of an average exposure dose for general population

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A methodology is shown to analyze phases of player's coalition formation. It can be used for analyzing inter-regional cooperation which is a relevant problem in Japan. Network formation game is used to model the problem with some extentions on concepts of coalition and coalition formative condition. The coalition among more than 3 players is introduced, which is not considered in the standard network formation game. The coalition formative condition is also introduced taking into account specific characteristics about in frastructure construction. The methodology is applied to oil allocation problem among Caspian coastal countries, and how the methodology works in the real problem is examined.

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This paper examines environmental disputes solutions for wind power siting using negotiation simulation in which participants play actors who are forming a game community, interact each other under negotiation rule and accordingly consensuses are simulated. Availability of the simulation is also examined. Main findings are summarized as follows. First, initial framing for negotiation and mediation in negotiation process are important for trust among actors and procedural justice. Second, effects of the simulation are observed as participants' significant attitudes change before-and-after simulation. Third, one of the solutions recognizes a necessity of “joint fact-finding” which ensures continuous dialogue.

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Recently social infrastructure improvement and many decision making scenes dilemma occur.This paper focuses contradiction on social choice. Social contradiction is the scene that circulation prevent from prioritizing which alternative is better. This paper shows dissolution of social contradiction on environmental problem with Mathmetical model, Evaluation Cuncurrent Method.

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Because the Chemical Substance Release Control Law (PRTR Law) was enacted in 1999, each industry promoted their activities for reducing emissions of chemical substances.Even though the costs and method for reducing emissions of chemical substances are different within the industry, PRTR law enforces all industries together. Therefore the objective of this study is to compare productivity considering chemical substancemissions (negated productivity) for 10 industries in the Japanese manufacturing sector by using the Directional Distance Function and the Luenberger Productivity Index. From the results, the integrated productivity of 10 industries increased from 2001 to 2005. Furthermore, we also infer that many companies in this sample data applied cleaner production approach to reduce PRTR chemical substances.

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Interviews surveys were conducted with 9 large-scale manufacturing and production establishments operating in Kawasaki, one of the largest industrial areas of Japan, in order to identify factors affecting corporate resource circulation and environmental behavior. This paper identified that resource circulation and various environmental practices were actively operated within each establishment while, on the contrary, those which need corporation with other establishments and consumers were not actively taken place. Our results suggest that cooperation among establishments might be enhanced by economic supports for cost reduction and economic viability, which presumably would foster the practice of green procurement and, in the end, would spread to practices of eco-design, cooperation with consumers and investment recovery

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The implementation and certification of environmental, quality and occupational health & safety management systems have become strong managerial strategies for many organizations. This paper discusses the advantages as well as the disadvantages of IMS (Integrated Management Systems). First, after reviewing both national and international literatures, it defines the components of IMS, which include: 1) management commitment and leadership, 2) performance measurement, 3) resource management, 4) emphasis on stakeholders and 5) Integration of systems and processes. Second, the paper analyses the advantages and disadvantages of these integrated systems, as opposed to thosd of independent management systems. As a conclusion, it shows that the majority of factories within the material industry introduce IMS from the viewpoint of production process management while a few factories in the processing industry use it in the context of product chain management.

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As for the forklift, the proportion of the lead acid battery in the entire price of the vehicle is large. Therefore, it is generally ovserved that the lifetime of the battery provide the lifetime of the vehicle. Recently, the maintenance business which gives priority to sales reused batteries and lifetime extension. So these businesses are paid attention as business models which influence the entire vehicle lifetime extension. In this study, the effect of the introduction of the battery maintenance business of electric forklifts was evaluated from environmental aspect and economic aspect. As a result, it was shown that the effect of long-term vehicle use for vattery replacement and the use of reused batteries worked greatly.

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The purpose of this study is to construct the system approach methods of landscape planning in the whole lakeside areas based on the residents' recognition. Firstly, in this paper, the landscape planning in the lakeside areas was conducted by using “Systems Analysis” framework and the influence of components of landscape on the landscape evaluation was defined quantitatively by the questionnaire on the photographs taken in the lakeshore. Secondly, the components of landscape included in 500-meter meshes were identified and the current landscape in the lakeside areas was assessed. Then the lakeside areas were divided into some zones by their charactaristics and the landscapes with and without managements of zones were evaluated by some indicators including the notion of “utility” and “equity”.

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate sustainability of city planning based on the Ecological Footprint (EF) indicator, and to clarify the effects of “Compact City” and “Land Recycle” planning strategies. Case study conducted in Tsuyama city, Okayama prefecture, gave the following results. Comparison with regions like Tokyo metropolitan area and Okayama city showed that Tsuyama city has relatively balanced Environmental Load Excess Ratio (ratio between environmental load and environmental capacity). Furthermore, results showed that by implementing “Compact City” and “Land Recycle” planning strategies, Environmental Load Excess Ratio could be maximally reduced by 2.61%.

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Phosphorus resources are finite resources, and there is an opinion that the excellent phosphorus are which are used now shall be entirely exhausted in near future. On the other hand, phosphorus is a material considered to be a cause of the eutrophication of the closed water area. Therefore, the recycling of phosphorus resources is the important measure for resource and environmental protection.
At first, we examined about the problems of phosphorus income and expenditure of Japan, and about how much potential volume of phosphorus can be reused under the recent technology. Next we researched how much phosphorus can be reused by current wastewater treatment technology, and about whether phosphorus recycling can be carried out without global warming damage.

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This study clarified local nitrogen balance and evaluated treatment technology of surplus nitrogen in Toyohashi city, Aichi prefecture. As a result, Toyohashi city's nitrogen balance is showed that compost production potential is bigger than organic material application capacily on farmland, therefore, it is unfit to apply all emitted manure into farm1and in Toyohashi city by the environmental concem. Nevertheless, current application is overto apply more than organic material application capacity. For this reason, methane fermentation and mcinerationscenariowassettotreatthissurplus nitrogen. These scenarios were evaluated by the life cycle greenhouse gas emission comparing with current condition. The result shows a possibility that can reduce approximately 11, 000ton-CO₂eq of greenhouse gas emission by introducing methane fermenmdon scenado into Toyohashi city.

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In this study, the amount of nitrogen load derived from agricultureal activties in 1928 and 1932 were estimated by analyzing agricultural information recorded in previous literatures. The amounts of nitrogen load from paddyfields and farms were about 1/10 and 1.4 as that in 2006, respectively. These results indicate that it is able to estimate the previous nitrogen load by detailed analysis of agricultural information recorded in past literatures. It is considered that the agricultural information from previous literatures is useful for goal setting of reduction target of nitrogen load.

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The objective of this study is to examine whether sufficient ethanol can still be supplied in the year 2030 along with the assurance of food suppliesuch as corn and sugarcane, which are raw materials of ethanol. Moreover, this study attempts to consider how to efficiently trade farm products in order to minimize Ecological Footprint (EF). The result indicates that in addition to a secured supply for both human consumption and animal feeds, 160 million tons of corn and 520 million tons of sugarcane are still available in the year 2030 as surplus. The study also finds that if this whole surplus is converted into ethanol, 109.6 billion liters of ethanol can be used.

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In recent years, bio-ethanol derived from edible crops has been proceeding as alternative fuel for motor vehicles to mitigate climate change and improve self sufficiency ratio for energy. On the other hand, food demand in developing countries has been increasing because of population explosion, and a conflict between food and bio-fuel production becomes manifest. In this study, the global food supply-demand structure and change of land use to increase food production were analyzed considering economic growth, population growth, and increase of the demand for bio-ethanol. Our analysis indicated that the edible crop demand for food and feed would have the bigger impact on food affordability than that for bio-ethanol in the future. Furthermore, it was estimated that approximately 11-15% expansion in arable land between 2005 and 2050 should be necessary to meet the future demand for edible crops although the current arable land should be able to provide required edible crops until around 2015-2020.

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When a long-used school is closed and diverted for use as an accommodation facility, the remaining equipment and facilities are usually abandoned if they are not needed for the management of a new facility. With a focus on accommodation facilities using closed schools, this study explores the utilization of the remaining equipment and facilities. The author visited accommodation facilities arranged through the reuse of 17 closed schools in the prefecture and analyzed the remaining equipment and facilities. As a result of these examinations, the author categorized the facilities into two types:“accommodation facilities highlighting the remnant atmosphere of schools” and “schools featuring their accommodating atmosphere.” The author learned that facilities have two reuse styles in terms of functions and meanings. In conclusion, the author makes suggestions for utilization methodologies of the remaining equipment and facilities on the basis of the management policy of arranged accommodation facilities.

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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the CO₂ reduction effect by a horizontal recycling and a cascade recycling of paper, which is one of the principal uses of wood resource. Production of recycled paper (horizontal recycling) and energy recovery by power generation (cascade recycling) were chosen as case studies. In order to evaluate the CO₂ reduction effect independently of the accounting method of biomass derived CO₂, biomass power generation was incorporated into the system boundary. The result showed that the CO₂ reduction effect varied by the range and quantity of functions provided during the life cycle of wood resource.

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At present, ESCO (Energy Saving Company) service are mostly supplied to office and commerial sectors while they are recognized as effective ways to reduce carbon dioxide and energy costs against global warming. In this research, an analysis was made to clarify the effect of ESCO services for a waste incineration plant on environmental and business performance. The results reveal that: inverter control for plant facilities and gas co-generation give great contribution on reducing carbon dioxide and energy cost; changing gas prices and selling prices of electric power based on the Law for Renewable Portfolio Standard have an obvious influence on payout period of the co-generation plant.

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The global warming issue becomes seriously: the influence such as rises in the surface of the sea, the changing ecosystem has been clearly existed in recent years. Forming the recycling society systems are necessary to control this problem. The residents cooperation is indispensable for forming the recycling society system. It paid attention to household garbage in this study, researched about environment-conscious and behavior that residents are doing now and consciousness. These are analyzed using covariance structure model. As the factor which specifies resident's environment-conscious behavior, has been turned out that the ascription of responsibility for environmental problems to self exerts strong influence on goal intention, the cost benefit evaluation exerts influence on behavior intention by analysis. It was shown that experience of the environment-conscious behavior has an effect on another one.

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The waste collection and transfer system is requisite for establishing widen regional waste management in prefectural level. In this study, we propose a new method to estimate transport distance between collection area and the waste transfer facility by using GIS and to solve optimal location problem of the facility. Takahasi block, that is a group of local municipalities located in the northern west of Okayama prefecture, is selected as a target area of this case study. Firstly, waste emission map is created based on not only the information of collection area and municipal solid waste by the treatment facility but also the information of population and households by the town. Secondly, we proposed an algorithm of generating a group of the adjusted waste collection area so that waste collection volume in the area can approach to the loading capacity limitation. In order to evaluate the distance between the collection area and the transfer facility, 'the weighted average transport distance with the waste amount' per one trip of collection car is proposed. Finally, the one-dimensional search method along the trunk line is applied for solving the location optimization problem of the waste transfer facility. Additionally, this result is compared to the transport distance of the current treatment condition based on local incineration, moreover, the proposed models is compared to Grid City Model.

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Purpose of this research is to clear establishing process and establishing basis on charge for the Disposal of household waste. Method of this research is questionnaire survey to local governments introducing the charging system. Findings of this research are as follows:
1. The system introduction is proposed by the staff and the head in most cases.
2. The percentage that citizens can participate to the system design (except the council) is only 30%.
3. Periods required for the system design are an average of one year and a half.
4. The half local governments have a safety net.
5. It is only 30 percent that the objects of the basis on the charge are the expense of collection and conveyance and the expense of processing.
6. When the basis on the charge is the expense, the about 30 percent of the expense is assigned to the charge.
7. The introductory purpose of reservation of money, citizen participation to the system design, and the safety net, tend to make the charge high, respectively.

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It is said that Japanese industrial technology was changing after oil crises in 1970s. In this paper, industrial production functions which include many technology are assumed and it is proposed how to estimate the technological coefficients by using PMF (Positive Matrix Factorization). Secondly, it is cleared that PMF can properly estimate the technological coefficients from Japanese I0 data from 1970 to 1990, and that the change of industrial technology in Japan is analyzed. Finally, the estimated production functions are built in a standard CGE model and the following points are cleared; 1) impact of the oil crises to Japanese economy and 2) the effects of the oil-less technology.

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Time and distance are of course highly correlated. But they are entered separately because of their different roles in the individual's constraint set and maximization problem. Distance affects out-of-pocket monetary travel cost while the time cost of travel to the site is an opportunity cost whose monetary value may not be directly observable. Time spent on the site also has an opportunity cost. The separate roles of time and monetary cost, and their importance in the estimation of recreation demand and benefits will be discussed.

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The tidal flat where the ecological system is fostered will be destroyed gradually by global warming, and fishes and plants that inhabit there will be thrust into crisis of extinction with rapid speeds. This study aims to supply the basic unit of economic evaluation of tidal flat preservation as a countermeasure against global warming, and measures economic value of tidal flat in each prefecture by using the CVM (contingent valuation method) and the TCM (travel cost method). The result indicates that the environmental economic value of tidal flat is measured by using the CVM as 1, 599 yen/year/person (39, 976 yen/person) and that the total value is 2043 billion yen/year (5, 106.6 billion yen). Secondly, the recreational value of tidal flat (ebb tide hunting) is measured by using the TCM as 2, 099 yen/visit, and the total value is 4.7 billion yen/year (117.5 billion yen). Finally, the basic unit of economic evaluation of tidal flat is derived as 10, 163 yen/m².

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With a dynamic economic theoretical model, one can say that the value of natural resource involves not only a temporal productivity but also iterated usage values (recycling) from here on. However in the real world, price of natural resources is apt to represent only the former one, so excess usage of natural resource compared with recycled ones can occur easily. Then, do the recent policies and institutions related with Circulated Society have solved such a problem and improved productivity of industries? This study aims at answering adequately such a question with estimating production functions of paper-pulp industry. As a result, it is shown that the price of virgin pulp is nearby value of marginal pmductivity (MPV), and be judged as stayed in excess usage level. In contrast, for some recycled paper-pulps, MPV is much higher than the level of the market price. Moreover, such a tendency seems not to change during the periods of analytical covered here and of several related policies implemented.

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It is necessary to develop a model to describe causal relation regarding the progressive rate of cultivation abandonment which raises the collapse of agrarian community and additionally unstable watershed economic growth and environmental sustainability. This study proposes a cultivation abandonment model for paddy field with the GIS, which is one of the nested logit models. Utilizing proposed model, we investigate the subsidy plan for sustainable farming to resolve an issue of current subsidy system clarified from the long term analysis. Finally, the applicability of the proposed cultivation abandonment model to environmental system modelling is described, taking a previous study regarding the sustainable farming and watershed environmental economic problems as an example.

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It becomes difficult to maintain environmental protection due to lack of labor on Shiraishi island in Seto Inland Sea. As a field training for a high school curriculum “Environmental studies”, . students joined the 2-days program on the environmental clean up in the island learning its history, tradition, culture and society. Some students could be observed to obtain the skills of understanding the relationships between many issues and to integrate their knowledge for the solution of the problems which are requested as the skill of ESD training cource (Education for Sustainable Development).

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This study abstracts the photos and texts found in the WEB-site; SNS regarding “FUJI ROCK FESTIVAL” and. analyzes the participants' process of discovery of environmental value, including naturalandscape. The findings are, (1) They discover the value of natural landscape as subsidiary property even though their major purpose is to watch the music live, (2) Transitional landscape, which changes with time or weather, are tend to be prominently discovered, and (3) They are inclined to interpret existing natural surroundings or manmade facilities of place for the fictitious connection with music and take them as a part of stage direction.

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The increase realities of various action groups of the automobile dependence type that became the origin of a transportation negative environmental impact increase will be quantitatively clarified in 2005 in this research in 1987. Moreover, a large-scale attitude survey was originally executed to the driver, and what driving motive those who belonged the action group about the car dependence type had was clarified. It was quantified that the composition ratio of the action group that highly depended on the car had risen as a result of the analysis in recent years. On the other hand, it was newly clarified that the action group that depended on the car and the layer where the convenience improvement of public traffic was expected existed in the inside, too when seeing from the driving motive.

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It is necessary to comprehend “what kind of car use an individual performs” to take an effective city and traffic policy for the purpose of traffic environment load reduction. In this study, as for the thing of a thought that it was “driver's motivation” of own to control a personal car use, large-scale personal behavior and consciousness survey was conducted in Kurashiki city (central city in local area). By it, connection with driver's motivation and environmental consciousness was clarified. In addition, acceptance level of policy and traffic environment load by the difference of driver's motivation and environmental consciousness was clarified, if changed urban layout and car use.

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While there are a lot of preceding studies dealing with relationships between urban heat islands and sea-breezes in the daytime, there only a few studies of those between nocturnal heat islands and sea and land breezes. The purpose of the present study is to clarify the influences of wind field structures on nocturnal temperature or nocturnal heat islands in the Osaka bay area in the summer season by analyzing some observational data including the doppler soda observational data. It is found that sea surface temperature contributes to increase daily minimum temperature in the Osaka bay area and that penetration of nocturnal land breeze or of nocturnal cool air mass into the area is important to lower nocturnal temperature.

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Many of the water retention pavements lower their temperature by having cement milk or slag placed in the voids on the surface of pavement absorb rainwater and using the vaporization heat. If there is no rainfall for a long period of time, however, no rainwater is supplied. Constructing facilities for supplying water would cost considerably. Infiltration of rainwater is likely to make muddy and structurally weak roads. This study focuses on the road surface structure and proposes a road surface structure using waterretaining Solpack as a solution. The performance of water-retaining Solpack was evaluated in laboratory tests and various field tests including long-term instrumentation, and its applicability was identified.

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This research carried out by using the three materials, water holding boards for building, rooftop greening units and a high reflectorized paint.The full-scale building was used for the experiment, survey of the amount of mitigation of the energy for air conditioning and the thermal environmental improvement effect was carried out. The survey result for nine days in the fine weather day of a summer showed material surface temperature and slab surface temperature having the lowest water holding board, and becoming roof greening and the turn of a high reflectorized paint subsequently. As a result of comparing the measurement result of water holding board division and a contrast division, the direction of water holding board division always shows lower ceiling surface temperature and indoor average radiation temperature. Although there was no difference of indoor PMV under air-conditioning, the big difference appeared after the air-conditioning stop. Power consumption became large order with a contrast division, a high reflective paint division, a rooftop greening division and water holding board division. The amount of reduction became 13.4-32.1%.

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The Chikugo River is the longest river in Kyushu Island and a precious water environmental area. It is pointed out that water quality in the backwater of the-Chikugo weir is influenced by algal growth. After analyzing-long-term change of salinity in the-estuary of the Chikugo River, the-brackish level is increased. In this paper, water quality problem analysis in the backwater of the Chikugo weir and the estuary are carried out. It is shown that increasing of retention time in the backwater is promoted by intaking the river water, and causes an eutrophication problem under high water temperature. The eutrophication problem in the estuary of the Chikugo River is revealed because of water level rising in the Make Sea and the change of the water intake systems. The eutrophication phenomenon is realized by water quality simulation.

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In a river ecosystem, atthached algae are the primary producers that compound an organic matter. A lot of studies, which lacks sun light in the river ecosystem, have regarded with water temperature and nutrient. We have studied sun light and turbidity that have an effect on attached algae growth in a river ecosystem. Sweetfish, which is one of the major river fish in Japan, have decreased the fishery figure in the TONE river. In this article, we have studied the growth rate of attached algae in four places of the river in summer when sweetfish take algae and grow. We show our success in attached algae affected by sun light and turbidity in the river.

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Flow fluctuation is an important factor determining the characteristic of the stream ecosystem. In this study, we investigated stream fish, invertebrates and their habitat characteristics before and after a spate, in order to reveal the dynamics of lotic animal community in intermittent reach. Fish and invertebrates were observed after rewetting by the spate in the intermittent reach, Fish community established within the intermittent reach were suggested to have colonized from the downstream perennial reach. However, both fish and invertebrates are finally killed by drying up with the decreasing flow in the intermittent reach. We concluded that flow fluctuation induced drastic temporal change in stream animal assemblages.

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