In this study aims at clarifying the method of the Satoyama management that promote a forest volunteer's positive participation to an example, and a citizen, administration, a specialist, and a company. The charcoal manufacture by miscellaneous trees showed clearly that today's forest volunteer can also harness as a program of eye the safe and pleasant collection of trees, or a charcoal burner using shooter. And it proposed that it was an effective promotion measure to build the digital eco-museum which carries out digital exhibition of for the citizen and the various subjects beyond prefecture boundary to cooperate and to promote a woody biomass

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Habitat management for biodiversity conservation is impossible without cooperation of local society. Thus, we examined an incentive for habitat conservation of local society in Yakushima Island. At first, we constructed a structualmodel of their consciousness for habitat conservation as a hypothesis by using ISM (Interpretive Structural Modeling), and conducted an attitude survey on the basis on it. Secondarily, we cleared discrimination factors between positive group and negative group for habitat conservation by quantification second theory. Finally. we integrated 11 items to a function by quantification first theory. In conclusion. it was suggested that recognition factors are more important than experiment factors as the incentive for habitat conservation.

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In recent years, workshop is the focus of attention as new citizen participation. This study took notice of ‘Reforestation Plan’ in A city of the Kansai region, as the example of city planning for environment. And we were intended for the citizen workshop in it. Being based on past studies and literatures about workshop, ‘Learning about the Area’, ‘Consensus Building’ and‘ Independent-minded Activity by citizen’ were proved by the analysis of the questionnaire, which were sent out in the citizen workshop. The result comparing with the citizen workshop plan, its success was proved. The subject after this is to keep the balance of citizen's will and the process of the governmental plan.

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In this study, the following three points are proposed for “Otsu Environmental Organization” about IT management of an environmental partnership organization to an example.
•Groupware assembled from the viewpoint which learns environmental partnership activity
WebGIS which can register and share environmental partnership activity in a city region on a digital map
•The community development support system “WAKARU” to which the opinion between participating members is led in game
As a result, four points became clear.
•) Although it was effective for Activity PR and office processing to a citizen, it became clear that the notice function of an event participating application, acceptance and an accounting report function need to be added.
•) Web GIS: In the workshop used together with a paper map, when the member shares the local subject according to theme crossing type school district, it is effective.
•) WAKARU: By holding the workshop which logs in simultaneously and acts in synchronization, the distribution of an opinion is known and many-sided exchange is produced.
•) There is an effect of six functions, and two opinion shares and exchange because become the mother's body, and a forum uses these three systems, using them together with set training and an off-line workshop.

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This study evaluated risk communication support platform by the experiment of system operation conducted through questionnaire survey of industry officials who respond to PRTR and through operating simulation of governmental officials in the case of disposing PCB contaminated waste in Kitakyusyu. As a result, industrial sectors valued the checkpoints of risk communication, some contents about risk communication cases and usefulness of the interface of the platforms. On the other hand, the simulation of administrative sectors revealed the performance of the platform to respond the need of administration sectors, such as strategies of meeting to explain to local residents, policies of information disclosure, roles of administrative sectors in an emergency. Furthermore, it is required to add some contents about risk communication cases in a routine management, simple methods of risk assessment and activities responding to citizen's NIMBY phenomenon to this platform.

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Within environmental and resource limitations, Japan is moving towards&uot;Circulating Society". Although the recycling sector treats and disposes of waste generated from the economic activities, it also encourages a burden on the environment both directly and indirectly. Therefore we need analyze a recycling system with a wide point of view including all sectors.
This study evaluates both the economic loss and effects of food waste recycling systems derived from the environmental constraints and the recycling promotion policies, with an applied general equilibrium model. This model integrates national economic activities, their pressure on the environment, and food waste recycling systems. Feeding, composting, and methane fermentation are adopted as recycling treatments from a material, chemical, and thermal recycling method respectively. Both the 6% reduction of CO₂ emissions by in 2010 compared with that of in 1990 and the 50% reduction of waste final disposal by in 2010 compared with that of in 1996 are introduced as the environmental constraints. As the recycling promotion policies, the following actions are introduced, 1) subsidies to the recycling sectors, 2) raising the commission waste treatment price, and 3) charges to the use of virgin goods.

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It is known that the economic value of environmental quality will be divided roughly into “Use Value” and “Non-use Value”. The purpose of this paper is to examine the quantitive measurement possibility by formulizing theoretically the factor, especially paying attention to altruism and analysis the effect for non-use value. In order to grasp an altruistic motive from observable data in a market in this paper, after expressing environmental preservation action and formulizing the consumer behaviorbased on altruistic utility theory.

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Natural open-spaces are important for residents to enjoy in daily life and to take refuge in case of earthquake disaster. Therefore, value of space must be evaluated considering with mitigation function. Especially, mitigation value of natural open-space is evaluated focused on evacuation action and safety for radiant heat.
Firstly, this paper shows that a simulation of evacuation action is done considering with divided region and adjacency relation ofchou-chou-moku. This simulation analysis is done using dual graph. And the assumption evacuating number of person every space is calculated. Mitigation value is evaluated using number of person and safety every space.
Secondly, this value is evaluated focused on temporal evacuation life.

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Recent years, ODA evaluation plays important role for improving quality of ODA activities and securing its accountability. Results based management is widely used in major aid agencies for ODA evaluation methods. This study proposed one of the methods for drinking water supply projects and applied the projects in Nepal and Philippines to evaluate as case study. This paper focused Impact of the projects by direct valuation of its beneficiaries. Water usage and effect expand structure of objected region are grasped by field surveys. The purpose of this study is to propose quantitative indicators of Impact for ODA evaluation of water supply sector, such as water consumption, carrying work and water quality.

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In this paper, earthquake risks in water circulate network are classed. Two earthquake risk evaluation indexes by safety are made. One index is considering possibility of arrival and the other is considering danger degree.
These indexes are applied to right area of the Yodo River as a case study. Finally actual condition is compared with alternative applying condition, in order to show validity of indexes. This alternative is waterfront recreation model utilizing of reclaimed water in sewage treatment plant.

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Each country is dependent on mutual farmland through agricultural­products trade. Although it is significant quantifying the degree of dependence to know the sustainability of life, it is also important to discuss the state of the dependency, and for that, it is necessary to take the agricultural productivity into consideration. In this paper, the agricultural productivity is analyzed by using DEA, and the status of agricultural­ products trade on the viewpoint of productivity is evaluated. Moreover, the relationships between weather conditions, or farmland price and productivity are investigated, and the cause of inefficiency is considered.

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In this study, the integrated evaluation of environmental loads is presented for the service stage of open roads. The environmental loads causing energy, global warming, and acid rain were dealt as the global environmental problems, and air pollution, noise, vibration, and low frequency as the local environmental problemst. The environmental loads were converted into the corresponding economic values, and were integrated for evaluating the single environmental load. The presented method was applied to the actual open road, and the characteristic of the environmental loads was made explicit.

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There are a variety of alternative disposal methods for organic waste treatment system in uiban cities. As for an optical decision-making, a computer model for systematic assessment of organic waste materials from waste disposal, waste water disposal and self-composting system, which enables a comparison of the outcome brought by kw policies among these alternative methods was developed. The future projection of the waste streams in each system for thirty years with a good reflection of citizens' choice among diverse waste disposal methods characterizes this model. The amount of carbon dioxide emission and the cost were employed as indexes for the assessment. This model has flexibility for the future changes in waste management options and in recycling methods.

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In this research, we conducted a comparative evaluation of five systems and three scenarios for introducing separation/recycling technology of kitchen waste. The evaluation methods we utilized in this research were the conventional LCA to focus on the evaluation of technological systems without taking the social framework transitions into account and the life cycle simulation (LCS) to evaluate social framework transitions and the changes in environmental burdens due to the aforementioned transitions. For the LCS, targeting a future time frame of 50 years from the year 2000, we established a scenario based on the secular trend in which 50% of newly constructed housing complexes are expected to be incorporated with disposal systems equipped with purified water tanks. In contrast, we also established a scenario in which direct pipe type disposal systems would spread from the year 2000, and a system in which use of solid/liquid separation devices and the use of Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) would spread, in order to compare them with the case based on the secular trend. In this comparison, we succeeded in showing advantages in terms of energy consumption and the greenhouse effect.

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The horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus is one of the endangered species in Japan. Various protective measures have been conducted for the conservation of this animal by many sectors related to education and governmental offices. History of the conservation movement is over eighty years. Nevertheless, the final goal to preserve its population and habitats has not been achieved. The reasons of this situation were due to that Japanese social systems for river and coastal management and legal status regarding environment were immature. Concrete measures were proposed in order for community to solve the problems.

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The growth ofQuercus serrataseedlings were investigated grown under several controlled temperature conditions of outdoor temperatures altered by-1.5°C, ±0.0°C, +1.5°C, +3.0°C, and +4.5°C. As a result, elongation period were earlier under warmer condition. Tree height, number of leaves, diameter of the main shoot and total dry weight were larger under +3.0°C, +4.5°C treatments. Many seedlings under +3.0°C, +4.5°C treatments didn't shed leaves. Cell length of the main shoot were larger under warmer condition. Advance of autumnal leaves under warmer condition was overdue. SPAD value and photosynthetic rate decreased under +4.5°C treatment. There seemed that tree height, number of leaves, diameter of the main shoot, dry weight, cell length, advance of the autumnal leaves, shed leaves period, SPAD value and photosynthetic rate ofQuercus serrataseedlings should change under warmer condition.

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When dealing with bed soil for planting treatment, one needs to be cautious of the physical soil properties. Since the coefficient of permeability, the suction and the hardness index of the bed soil etc. change with the soil densities, it becomes important to control the density in compaction. In this examination, controling the density of the model bed soil by changing compaction energy and a variety of physical properties of the model bed soil were experimentally evaluated.

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This paper is intended to address the need to pay more attention to water temperature conditions for environmentally­sound river management. It discusses the importance of maintaining proper water temperature regimes for the health of aquatic life, and provides some insight into the impact of upstream control on downstream water temperature regimes. It suggests that adverse impact might be alleviated if upstream control is properly managed. To characterize in­stream thermal environment, a thermal diversity index is proposed. In addition, the inadequacy is pointed out of the current water temperature monitoring systems along major rivers in Japan.

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Most of water supply pipes have constructed in 1960's­1970's in Japan, and they are becoming too superannuated. Those aged pipes may cause obstruction and/or decline in water supply performance. Appropriate improvement and renewal in pipe network system is necessary to prevent accidents of water supply performance. Although pipes renewal investment should be balanced both with its effects and revenues on water supply, renewal effects had been insufficiently quantified.
This paper quantifies the effects of renewal in pipe network system, and formulates the scheduling problem to maximize benefits of water supply performance in the planning period under the revenue constraints of water supply. And we propose the new methodology of how to select the target pipes to renew and how to decide the renewal timing, and examine usefulness of this approach.

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Since govemmental activities on the odor problem are usually initiated by public complaints, it is necessary to know the structural factors of such complaints. This study aims to know the source of public complaints against odor. The number and frequency of public complaints are annually counted by local governments. Those data were analyzed by several statistical procedures. As a result, the regional and temporal variations of the number of complaints originated not only in the distribution of odor sources but also many factors such as public temperament in each region.

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In planning and managing an environment, it is beneficial to know how changes in its quality affect public assessment of the environment. We carried out a structured questionnaire survey of a Japanese river environment involving people living close to the river in 1988, 1995 and 2002. The quality of the river water has improved during the period from 1988 to 2002; accordingly, the percentage of respondents who judged the river water as low in quality has decreased with time. Respondents' attitudes also have changed in assessing the benefits of aesthetic as well as water-resource aspects of the river environment: In spite of residents' recognition of the water-quality improvement, it is clear that the majority of residents tend to pay less and less attention to the benefit of having a quality river environment close to their homes. However, it is also observed that those who participate in river cleanups tend to give higher ratings to the river environment, and this tendency is enhanced with time.

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In this study, we carried out a questionnaire to the inhabitants as following; 1) evaluation of existence and functional recognition of the multipurpose stormwater reservoir, 2) inhabitants consciousness for the utilization of storage water and maintenance of stormwater reservoir. As a result, most of the inhabitants who agree to the everyday use of the reserved water approve of using the reserved water by the people of part areas. Inhabitants set a high value on the stormwater reservoir by the existence and functions of storage being recognized. And, such inhabitants have the possibility to participate in the maintenance and so on.

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This study clarifies awareness of the general public toward purchasing a low-pollution car to propose measures to encourage introduction of low-pollution cars. We made surveys in Tokyo and Sapporo to analyze general public's awareness concerning purchase of a low-pollution car. As the analysis tools, we used Group Fuzzy AHP to quantitatively evaluate factors affecting car type selection and Kishi's Logit PSM to analyze willingness to pay for a low-pollution car.
Group Fussy AHP quantitatively identified that the more people are concerned about the environment, the greater their willingness to purchase a low-pollution becomes. Kishi's Logit PSM resulted in that the acceptable price of a low-pollution car for purchasers is almost the same with that of gas-powered car. It suggests that if the price downs, people will be more likely to purchase a low-pollution car even if their environmental consciousness is relatively low.

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This paper estimates and analyzes CO₂ emissions from energy use in Beijing and Shanghai and compares them with Tokyo and Seoul. The contributions of selected driving factors in total and sectoral CO₂ emissions are investigated by factor decomposition method. In rapidly industrializing Beijing and Shanghai, income effect was found primarily responsible for increasing emissions while energy intensity effect for decreasing emissions. In transportation sector, vehicle population effect was responsible for the majority of CO₂ emissions. The structures of factors in transportation, residential and commercial sectors are different in each city and time, owing to each city's distinguish features. Especially in Beijing and Shanghai the behavior of such factors are relatively unstable.

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This study presents the estimation of potential evapotranspiration (PET) in the Yellow River basin. The applicability and meteorological parameter availability are the main factors influencing PET estimation. Firstly, it compares and calibrates six empirical PET methods with Penman-Monteith method as standard criteria. The six empirical methods are Thornthwaite, Blaney-Criddle, Hargreaves, Priestley-Taylor, Makkink and Penman methods. A complete daily meteorological record of 10 stations in the year of 2002 is used for comparison and calibration. Secondly, the PET in the Yellow River basin is estimated by the calibrated Makkink method with temperature and sunshine duration hours from 190 stations.

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Since the adoption of reforming and opening policy, rapid economic growth have taken place in Chinese cities, accompanying the spatial expansion of urbanized area. Such urbanization was caused by the structure of economic growth which depends on the massive input of the production factor like capital and labor. In this study, the TFP (Total Factor Productivity) which represents the technological developmet of cities was estimated using growth accounting analysis. Then the relationship between TFP growth rate and spatial expansion of urbanized area was identified. Results indicated that 1. the extension of urbanized area was relatively small where the cities with high TFP growth; 2. economic growth originated from the extensive input of production factors without technological development might lead the further expansion of urbanized area.

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This paper presented a regional monitoring method for crop production in China and India in the recent era of water shortages in both countries. The research objective is to develop photosynthetic crop production index by utilizing world weather and satellite data to confront the crop production demands due to the population growth in China and India. Methods for monitoring cereal production have so far incorporated indices of accumulating atmospheric air temperature or vegetation Index NDVI in addition to precipitation data. However, the new era of water restriction caused by rapid population increase needs for photosynthetic model considering the effects of solar radiation and water stress effects in the regional crop production model. The proposed model aims to confront those social demands in Asia including Japan. Special emphasis was placed on rice production because of the demand for abundant irrigation in paddy fields.

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This paper discusses the local capacity building process for managing urban environmental challenges, particularly in the areas of water and wastewater, solid waste, and air quality. Local capacity is categorized under assessment capacity and response capacity. Assessment capacity covers the monitoring capacity as well as capacity to assess the socioeconomic impacts of the pollution. The response capacity covers planning, regulatory, institutional, social, financial, and technical capacities. Thereafter, we discuss the role of international cooperation in local capacity building process. In this regard, we present “Kitakyushu Initiative for a Clean Environment” as an example.

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The purpose of this study is evaluating the influence change of the human activities affects the organic matter circulation in the basin area. At first, this paper highlights Muko river basin and compare the organic matters in 70s and 2000. Secondly, it evaluates the change of the organic matters by several factors, which are growth of population, the change of emission intensity of household, infrastructure building, increase of production and the change of emission intensity of industrial activities. In result, the river basin sewage system is the major trigger to increse the organic wastes, on the other hand, the decrese of population and the emission intensity of household decrease the organic wastes in Muko river basin. In the middle-stream and down-stream area, the river basin system increase organic waste, but in upperstream

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the optimal scale on areal integration and the best-case scenario on waste treatment programs for the area-wide planning of municipal solid waste management. We made the cost functions to examine the efficiency caused by the regional waste treatment from a financial perspective. This paper proposed an optimal model taking into consideration the landfill disposal. The purpose of this model is to minimize the total cost under the conditions of the reduction levels of the amount of landfill disposal. It was proved by optimal model analysis that our model could help to decide the most economical boundaries of planning area and the best combination of waste treatment programs.

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Waste centralized treatment in aggregated area is effective in control of dioxins emission, waste recycling, minimization of treatment costs and environmental impacts. Since the amount of environmental impacts and traffic loads depend on population distribution in the target area, the best size of target area is supposed to exist. In this study, we developed an evaluation model for the waste centralized treatment, and represented the change in each evaluation factor, such as total cost, environmental impacts (CO₂, NO_x and SO_x) and traffic loads, as a function of the area aggregation size. Moreover, the best aggregation size for virtual target area with typical population distribution was evaluated.

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A waste management in recycle-based society is required to promote an appropriate waste treatment such as waste prevention and 3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) and to restrain an environmental impact by the waste treatment. In this study, the material balance table was designed that input and output balances of materials such as resource, goods and waste between arterial flow and venous flow is possible to treat systematically. This table was utilized to evaluate the feasibility of waste management policy in Aichi prefecture and was investigated the utility value as the tool to evaluate the policy.

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A cascade recycling is a proper method to increase resource productivity. However, actual waste recycling system doesn't take advantage of this recycling. In this study, a model of a waste paper recycling system with the cascade recycling was proposed, and an evaluation of the effectively of the cascade recycling by the resource productivity and the economic efficiency on this model. As a result, the cascade recycling is effective about increasing of the productivity and the economic efficiency. The planner should take consideration of the resource productivity and the economic efficiency into the actual waste paper-recycling system.

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Attempts to exploit green open space in some way are growing in recent years, and are getting into the stage of verification. It is necessary for them to be inspected.In order to evaluate these attempts, and to support decision making, we need more lucid technique, which has multi-frame, multi-criteria, and multi-subject. In this paper, we took up prunedbranches and leaves, and discussed such kind of approach, which integrates objective evaluation and subjective one. Inaddition, we applied this approach to a case in Koto-ku, Tokyo, and tried to show the practicability.

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This study is related with the optimal scale to build the recycling systems of building materials by making the Keihanshin metropolitan region into a model area. Firstly, this study researches the efficiency of the recycling systems that is composed by two or three recycling technologies. Next, this study shows effect and impact that is made by the recycling systems composed of the recycling technologies and these locations. At the end, this study shows it is more efficient to create circulation in a narrower area, in the case of setting distance of transportation systems and area of recycling systems as the variable numbers

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The aim of this research is to analyze the factors that influence the demand of the recycled construction materials from the market and regulation system's point of view. As a result, it became clear that the influence that the market had on the demand of reproduction is small, and the influence of the regulation system is large. Moreover, since differences of materials characters (materials for which recycling is easy to perform and materials for which recycling is hard to perform) exists, it was shown how is deeply concerned with the height of recycling rate. Also, it became clear that it is important to stock construction material waste in order to promote recycling.

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In managing the river basin, it is important to control the circulation of matters. So in this paper, we highliht the organic matters as the target for controlling the matters, and propose the system to aid the construction of organic matters recycling system in Muko River Basin. Concreatly we make three indicators, quality-indicator, quantity-indicator, and demand-supply indicator, and evaluatethe reduction effect of carbon dioxide by adapting the recyclyig technology on the shown recyle dictrict. According to the result, recycling system in river basin shown by the sutability index reduces more CO2 emission than the recycling system of one technology. So in managing the river basin, the importance of surveying the regional properties in deciding the recycling technology is shown.

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Improving resource productivity will require that we invest in new ideas, new technologies and new processes that enable us to create output and value while respecting environmental limits. One aspect of this change will be a move from a product-based to a service-oriented economy, in which there is extensive use of services to meet customers' needs. This paper focuses on leasing which is an example of business tool that leads to a service-oriented economy. We try an experimental field work that is leasing household electrical appliances to 79 monitors in Hyogo area. The main object is to analyze and explore how leasing system can be adapted to service-oriented economy with economical and environmental considerations. Primary, this paper will try to identify the positioning of leasing system on servicizing definition. Secondary, it will analyze monitor's behavior to the leasing system.

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This paper proposes a new scenario toward Loop-Closing Society by analyzing the ELY (: End-of-Life Vehicle) recycling system as a case study. Generally, two points are controversial in ELV recycling; the improvement in the recycling rate of ASR, and the quality deterioration of Fe-Scraps such as Automobile-press or Automobile-shredder. Above all, Cu contained in electronic and electrical systems of vehicles causes deterioration in quality of steel products. In this research, a new method to ELV recycling by the cooperation with dismantlers and shredding operators for the effective and efficient reduction of the volume of ASR and Cu contained in Fe-Scraps is proposed with cost-benefit analysis.

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The higher-resolution satellite image provides us finer land cover information than ever. This study firstly concerned the relationship between land covers and brightness temperature. It was investigated through the analyzation of the urban heat environment mechanism utilizing the information from the higher-resolution satellite (IKONOS). Secondly, quantity, quality, and space of greenery were studied, for greenery has a strong causal relationship with heat environment. In conclusion, greenery are highlyimportant in order to prevent heat environment in urban areas. Also, utilizing the higher-resolution satellite image to analyze urban heat environment was proved as one of the valuable method by this study.

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Research framework to evaluate alternative scenarios characterized by pollution abatement facilities, infrastructures, activity management, and land use control are firstly presented. Flowingly, structures of integrated regional GIS database and simulation system in basin-wide region are presented for a pilot survey in Muko River Basin in Hyogo prefecture. Thirdly Policy Options and their Environmental Evaluation by CO2 Emissions and Solid Wastes of Landfill and tentative policy recommendations are proposed in concluding chapter.

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Emissions trading can be a cost-efficient approach to reduce pollutants. This paper analyzes six examples of emissions trading programs implemented in the U. S. The analysis showed that most of the programs adopted emission permits and a grandfathering approach as well as restrictions for not creating hot spots. It also showed that emissions trading programs depend on several factors such as less restriction on transaction, credibility and transparency, and flexibility. Based on the lessons, the paper discusses possibility of emission trading programs in Japan and an emissions trading program for the reduction of water pollutants flowing into enclosed sea areas in Japan.

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About the time at Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, the Hanaore, Nishiyama, and Obaku fault that pass through urban area in Kyoto city have been activate, so it is necessary to act against the huge disaster in the urban area, Kyoto city. This area has a lot of traditional wooden houses, so it is vulnerable for the disaster. But we can't change the townscape only to prevent damage in a disaster because it is one of the cultural assets in Japan. Therefore we have to consider risk mitigation plans after a disaster. In this plan we have to focus aged people as exposures, because most of them have physical handicaps in daily life, and cannot avoid many difficulties in a disaster.
In this paper, we discuss risk mitigation for aged residents living in the vulnerable areas toward disaster risk. Firstly, we show the vulnerable areas defined by elements concerning blind alleys. To mitigate the disaster risk we focus activation of community. We show the two types of community; living point based community and service spot based community. And we denote the importance of the latter one and the allocation plan considering disaster risk mitigation.

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One norm in discussions of environmental equity is that all humans are equal, and the allowable amounts of resources consumption and environmental load per person must be equal.In reality, however, the per capita amounts of resources consumption and environmental load vary significantly. Furthermore, with economic globalization, every country in the world is strengthening the interdependency of resources consumption and environmental load and developed countries are transferring their environmental load to developing countries. In thisstudy, international interdependency of resources consumption and environmental load arising through trade for Asia-Pacific region was quantified from I-O table and also the degree of equitywas evaluated. The result indicated that resources consumption and environmental load of the region concentrated in the U.S. and China. A big discrepancy between the U.S. and other countries in terms of resources consumption and environmental load per capita was also revealed.

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Practical use as park space of riverside land started in 1965. River improvement which used as the key “water intimacy” started in 1970. Both are the river improvement which supports all in the design thought of the single purpose. Therefore, the variety and the polysemy of behavior which a river naturaly has lost. The research which paid attention to this variety and polysemy exists. However, it is not taken into consideration about how people recognize river space.
This study aims at development of biological model which paid attention to dynamic vision as a factor of behavior based on “The Ecological approach to visual perception (James J. Gibson, 1979)”. Consequently, the biological model of an edge, a texture, and human behavior is shown 21 of 5 categories.

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The purpose of this research was showing the possibility of town watching with contrivance that give meaning to remarked objects (naming). This research dealt in 1, 000 records named “ Hikifuda ” that were kinds of message card with a photo or sketch, naming and comments about the scene. The authors classified these records for 3 sorts, kinds of object, way of angle and way of naming. These sorts were taken for this group and members.
This research showed that the town watching with contrivance that give meaning to remarked objects made the participants divide two types; the collector type and the editor type. The editor type was spreading the point of view for objects. The collator type tend to persist in the way of angle and naming of themselves.

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This research clears the effect of a poem for making good use of a poem as the program of environmental education. This research treated “Tairyo”(means the big catch) written by KANEKO, Misuzu, and carried out the test of “The Map of Association” before and after reading it, intended for pupils. From the result of this test, this research proposed the program of environmental education, making good use of “Tairyo”. The method of this test is original as understanding the structure of image. Moreover, this research expressed the result of this test by directed graph. This directed graph enabled the structure of images to express more exact than usual method.

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It has been very difficult to provide ‘ecological education’, especially in the urban area in Japan. Consequently, the biotope has been planning for children's play and ecological education in Iki-minami primary school in Fukuoka city, Kyushu, Japan. In this paper, it was proposed that the workshop as process planning should be taken for the biotope planning. It was recognized that the children have been learning regional ecological structure and they showed their idea on their drawings based on the knowledge through the 8 times of the workshops. It was discussed that it would be very important to provide the children accurate and new knowledge of ecology. Moreover, it would be needed that the children and teachers participate the biotope planning from the early stage of the planning.

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Pollutant runoff process of nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus in the Onga River watershed was studied on the basis of the relationship between the nutrients concentrations or pollutant load and flow rate. It is pointed out that the nutrients from the non-point sources i.e. agricultural land and urban area etc., have characteristic pollutant runoff process corresponding with the type of land use. The specific pollutant runoff process of nitrate nitrogen is dominated by leaching from the agricultural lands with runoff process of precipitation. On the other hands, municipal wastewater discharged from urban area is the main pollutant source of ammonium nitrogen and phosphatephosphorus in the Onga River watershed. One of serious water pollution problems in the estuary reservoir of Onga River is eutrophication due to nutrients from the non-point sources. Through water quality analysis on chlorophyll and nutrients, it is shown that nitrate nitrogen and phosphate-phosphorus are two limiting factors to algae growth in the reservoir.

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This paper proposes a fuzzy linear programming model considering multipurpose for the area-wide hazardous waste transportation planning. This model selects the optimal route by various means of transportation, considering multipurpose, and taking the planner's permissible level of the planning target into fuzziness. The purposes of this model are to minimize the total transportation cost and also to minimize the number of traffic accident. The case study and the comparative analysis show that this model gives the results which are in a good balance of the two purposes, and also provides useful information to consider the scale of hazardous waste treatment plant.

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