Roshiashi kenkyu
Online ISSN : 2189-986X
Print ISSN : 0386-9229
ISSN-L : 0386-9229
Volume 100
Displaying 1-22 of 22 articles from this issue
  • Был ли НЭП в деревне?
    Хироси Окуда
    2017Volume 100 Pages 3-28
    Published: December 15, 2017
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Политика оживления советов началась с отмены результатов выборов 1924 г., когда явка на перевыборные собрания не достигла 35 процентов. Крестьянство выражало недовольство «назначенством», сопротивлялось командованию, открыто выражало желание выбирать своих представителей в сельсоветы. Заместитель наркома внутренних дел М. Болдырев отмечал, что период «последний 1924 г. и большая часть 1925 г.» явился «временем действительного реального оформления и осуществления принципа местного самоуправления».
    В те годы распространялась идея «старательного крестьянина», «культурника», которого, однако, уже стали причислять к «кулаку». На апрельском (1925 г.) пленуме ЦК РКП (б) появилось расхождение во взглядах на «кулака» между М. Калининым и В. Молотовым. Первый выступил защитником трудового зажиточного крестьянина, а второй требовал применять по отношению к тому термин «кулак».
    На заседании Оргбюро ЦК 15 марта 1926 г. И. Сталин резко осудил инструкцию ВЦИК 1925 г., расширявшую круг избирателей в пользу непролетарских элементов. Была создана комиссия под председательством Молотова для составления новой инструкции по перевыборам советов, значительно расширявшей круг «лишенцев». Опорой политики власти окончательно стала беднота. Состоявшийся накануне XV съезда партии октябрьский (1927 г.) объединенный пленум ЦК и ЦКК ВКП (б), принял по докладу Молотова постановление, признававшее возможность перерастания зажиточного середняка в кулака, и тем самым практически приравнивавшее его к последнему.
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  • From the Viewpoint of Archival Science and Source Studies
    Eduard Baryshev
    2017Volume 100 Pages 29-53
    Published: December 15, 2017
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Two archival collections that have similar titles and include analogues materials, allegedly related to the activities of the Russian military agent in Japan, can be found in the State Archives of the Russian Federation in Moscow and the Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University (California, the USA). In the paper the author examines specific features, composition, contents and interrelations of these two informational clusters from the viewpoint of archival science and source studies. The paper analyses the very character of the military agent’s office, explores the historical context in which these archival collections were created, and investigates the process of their arrangement and description. The author concludes that the documents of the both collections reflect primarily the process of coordination between various Russian military technical commissions in Japan, and Russian and Japanese authorities in the field of military orders in Japan during the First World War and the Russian Civil War. Moreover, they show the changes in the duties of the military agent in 1906–1922. Notably, the activities of the military agent proper are represented in the collections mostly by mimeographed copies of its correspondence to the Quartermaster-General Department of the General Staff in the pre-revolutionary period. Importantly, the documents of the collections involve the traces of various persons and organisations that preserved them for future generations.
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  • церковная деятельность и национальная культура в Среднем Поволжье.
    Акира Сакурама
    2017Volume 100 Pages 66-93
    Published: December 15, 2017
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The author examines the Orthodox mission’s activities with regard to non-Russian ethnic groups, in particular the Baptized Tatars (Kriashens), in the Middle Volga region. After the collapse of the USSR, the Russian Orthodox Church regained its authority and began to reassert its influence on the people. Orthodox missionaries are engaged in the translations of sacred texts and the training of clergy from non-Russian people, which was promoted by Nilokai Il’minskii in the late nineteenth century. The Kriashen ethnic activists considered the translation of sacred texts as one way of conserving their “mother tongue.” However, these intellectuals put emphasis on their inherent traditions and culture, which often contained “pagan” elements. One typical example is the ritual of sacrifices in villages, which seems to be derived from the ancient beliefs, but has been merged with Christianity. In the Soviet era, these rituals were allowed as a part of “local culture”; at the same time, they allowed people to retain their Christian identity. Kriashen activists regard these rituals as a part of their “ethnic culture,” and hope to retain them. Some villagers who continue to practice such rituals believe them to be “their Christian practice.” However, Orthodox priests consider them “pagan custom” and attempt to forbid them. The appearance of the church and persuasion by the priests have changed the people’s consciousness. In this way, the contemporary Orthodox resurrection demonstrates the complex situation with regard to the relationship between the religion and culture in a region, and what “true Christianity” is.
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  • Genyu Takeda
    2017Volume 100 Pages 94-118
    Published: December 15, 2017
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Russia’s rising trade via the Black Sea had made this country the world’s largest grain exporter in the mid-nineteenth century. However, this trade faced challenges after the 1870s. First, Greek and British merchants were dominant in navigation tasks in the Black Sea and, as a result, dictated transportation costs of Russian grain. Secondly, in the British market Russian wheat met serious competition with not only American, but also Danubian grain. Thirdly, in order to reach European markets via the Mediterranean Sea, Russian vessels had to pass through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles Straits, which the Ottoman Empire controlled and often closed in times of war, especially with Russia.
    To solve these problems, the Ministry of Finance improved the transportation systems by financing railway companies and merchant fleets and, in 1894, concluded a commercial treaty with Germany, a new customer of Russian grain. Yet the growing grain export to Germany imposed heavy burdens on Russian peasants, who in turn caused serious social conflicts. Meanwhile, Russia’s Foreign Ministry tried to control the Balkan states, especially the Danubian Principalities, to protect Russia’s Black Sea navigation. Yet the growth of Danubian agriculture under Russian control also stimulated grain exports through the Danube River, which intensified competition with Russian trade.
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  • Структура и эволюция русско-китайского товарообмена в XIX веке в свете архивных документов
    Такако Моринага
    2017Volume 100 Pages 119-144
    Published: December 15, 2017
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Сухопутная торговля между Российской и Цинской империями была упорядочена в первой половине XVIII века и осуществлялась в форме натурального товарообмена в приграничном селении Кяхта, от которого и получила свое название . Главным российским экспортным товаром являлась пушнина. Российские купцы из самых разных городов империи устремились в Кяхту, однако самой влиятельной купеческой группой стала московская. С начала XIX века в рамках данной бартерной (меновой) торговли значительно вырос импорт китайского чая и, как следствие, произошло увеличение экспорта российских промышленных товаров в Китай.
    Очевидно, что российская текстильная промышленность в XIX веке испытывала влияние растущего вывоза товаров на азиатской рынок, однако после Тайпинского восстания 1853 года в кяхтинской торговле наступил затяжной кризис. Примечательно, что в этих условиях московские фабриканты и чайные торговцы выступили против проектов пересмотра существовавшей тогда системы торговых отношений с Китаем, в частности, против отмены меновой торговли в Кяхте, против снижения таможенного налога на чай и против разрешения на импорт кантонского чая морским путем.
    Материалы Кяхтинского правительственного комитета, хранящиеся в ОПИ ГИМ, ЦГА Москвы и т. д. , а также различные брошюры и публикации, изданные коммерческими кругами России того времени, свидетельствуют, что московские купцы полагали, что не могут конкурировать с дешевым кантонским чаем, поставляемым британскими торговыми компаниями. Именно поэтому часть московских купцов продолжала выступать в поддержку меновой системы кяхтинской торговли. Таким образом, проблема состояла не столько в том, как наладить кяхтинскую торговлю, сколько в том, как адаптироваться к мировым тенденциях «свободной торговли» XIX века. В конечном итоге, российское правительство вынуждено было отменить меновую систему торговли в Кяхте и пойти на разрешение импорта кантонского чая морским путем. Сами же московские купцы начали ввозить китайский чай не только сухопутным, но и морским путем. Такое изменение импортной системы в период с 1853 по 1870 год стимулировало рост спроса на чай в Российской империи среди широких слоев населения.
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  • Takehiko Inoue
    2017Volume 100 Pages 145-165
    Published: December 15, 2017
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Focusing on the changes in socio-political strategies of the nomadic leaders in the Kalmyk steppe between the early seventeenth century and the early twentieth century, this article explores the attitudes of the Kalmyk leaders toward the Russian Empire and the functional governance capacity in the Russian borderlands. Indeed, the Russian authorities expected the indigenous nomadic powers to collaborate with the administration and supplement their weak ability to project power and implement their policies near the border. At the beginning of the conquest of the steppe, the Russian authorities coopted the Kalmyk leaders, who soon gained a reputation for high reliability among the indigenous people and showed a moderate attitude toward the Russian policies. In the second half of the nineteenth century, the government aspired to decrease their political influence through legal means. In addition, the Kalmyk leaders broke into large-scale livestock farming for sale in the Russian market. Their success turned to the cultural and educational investment, asking for improving the status of the Kalmyks among the Imperial subjects. Thus, the Kalmyks flexibly dealt with various situation and gained advantages from a variety of political developments.
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  • Нideyuki Naganuma
    2017Volume 100 Pages 166-190
    Published: December 15, 2017
    Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2024
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    This artcile explores Russian policies toward the Kazakh people in 1784-1822 in terms of how the empire selected local Kazakh elites as its collaborators. In the late eighteenth century, the Russian empire thought of it as desirable to abolish the title of khan and entrust the governance of the steppe to another type of local elites, that is, chieftains called starshinas in Russian sources. Russia introduced several administrative organs and promoted these starshinas as representatives from local society. At the same time, it is to be noted that the empire came to envisage the strengthening of the position of khans in the early nineteenth century. Both a khan and starshinas were incorporated into one administrative organ called khanskii sovet according to a power relationship in which the authority of a khan preceded that of starshinas. On the whole, in the late eighteenth century, Russia sought to expand its control deep into the bottom of hierarchy in the Kazakh society by introducing and improving the administrative organs. In contrast, by doing so, early nineteenth-century Russia tried to determine the power relationship within the upper part of social hierarchy, that is, relationship between a khan and starshinas inside the khanskii sovet.
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