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Article type: Cover
1999 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Index
1999 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages
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Nozomi SHIN, Shingo ISHIKAWA, Shuji IWATA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages
71-81
Published: August 25, 1999
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The dynamics of The mosaic pattern of riparian forests was studied in the floodplain along the Azusa River, Kamikochi, where braided channels are developing. Various types of disturbance such as frequent channel shifts, partial destruction of mature forest by floods, and secondary channel formation by summer floods in the forest, were observed on aerial photographs taken over a 50-year period. Since 1947, there has been no catastrophic disturbance, but about 10% of the river bed has been repeated destruction and revegetation every year. These disturbances have created open sites for colonization of riparian trees. First, pioneer trees comprising the salicaceous species Chosenia arbutifolia, Populus maximowiczii, Toisusu urbaniana and Salix rorida and some betulaceous species colonized the bars near active channels characterized by thick buried sediments made up of coarse particles. The dominant species in each patch varied with the habitat conditions. These patches of scrub developed into mature pioneer species forests, unless destroyed by floods. Ulmus davidiana var. japonica and Abies homolepis appeared about 50 years later than the pioneer trees. Their diameter increased more rapidly than those of the pioneer species, and therefore they tended to succeed the pioneer trees, which have a relatively short life span. Another successional trend was also observed on abandoned channels characterized by wet conditions and thin buried sediment, where Alnus hirsuta was replaced by Fraxinus mandshurica var. japonica. It is concluded that the overall mosaic pattern and differences in the successional stages of riparian forests develop through frequent channel shifts, which destroy the riparian forest and create colonization sites.
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Toru HIROMI, Ikuo NINOMIYA, Takayoshi KOIKE, Kazuhiko OGINO
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages
83-90
Published: August 25, 1999
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The transpiration rates of five canopy tree species of Dipterocarpaceae-Dipterocarpus pachyphyllus, Dryobalanops aromatica, Shorea parvifolia, Shorea pilosa, and Shorea smithiana-were examined in lowland tropical rainforest at Lambir, Sarawak, Malaysia. During early morning on clear days, the transpiration rate increased in proportion to the vapor pressure difference between air and leaves. However, at around noon, the transpiration rate began to fluctuate. In order to interpret this fluctuation, the distribution pattern of stomatal opening was examined using the pressure infiltration method. Tiny patches of color appeared on the leaf surface due to dye infiltration through open stomata. The transpiration rate in the afternoon was clearly proportional to the relative area of the colored patches. This patchy opening of stomata was considered to be the cause of the transpiration fluctuation at that time. It is conclude that the five canopy tree species examined have a highly elaborate transpiration regulation mechanism which works effectively under high temperature by quick repetition of open-close action of stomata in maintaining transpiration rate at certain level to keep leaf temperature persistently lower than that of the air.
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Masatoshi HARA, Megumi KIMURA, Yoshihiko HIRABUKI, Hiroshi KANNO
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages
91-104
Published: August 25, 1999
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Seed production of four shrub species, Viburnum furcatum Blume ex Maxim., Lindera umbellata Thunb. var. membranacea (Maxim.) Momiyama, Magnolia salicifolia (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim. and Hydrangea paniculata Sieb. et Zucc. was investigated in a 0.5 ha (50 m×100 m) plot set in a climax beech forest, during three years from 1995 to 1997, by directly counting the number of fruits or infructescences borne on stems. Size and weight of seeds and fruits were also compared among these species. Three species, Viburnum furcatum, Lindera umbellata var. membranacea and Magnolia salicifolia, bear sap fruits or sap fruit-like seeds of a similar size, each of which contains one seed of a similar size, although only Hydrangea paniculata bears much smaller seeds of the wind-dispersal type. The mean size of the fruiting stem was largest in Hydrangea paniculata, followed in order by Magnolia salicifolia, Viburnum furcatum and Lindera umbellata var. membranacea. Every species showed a patchy pattern of seed production in the plot. Seed production was spatially overlapped within the same species among different years, but spatially separated among different species. No spatial correlation of fruiting stems with a particular phase of stand development (gap, building and mature phases) was found for Lindera umbellata var. membranacea and Viburnum furcatum. Three species, Viburnum furcatum, Lindera umbellata var. membranacea and Magnolia salicifolia are considered to be understory shrubs which are adapted to shaded and litter-rich environments, whereas Hydrangea paniculata, being a pioneer shrub, is adapted to open environment or disturbed site.
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Kazuhiro EGUCHI
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages
105-122
Published: August 25, 1999
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Results of recent studies on avian offspring sex ratios and predictions derived from four hypotheses on the determination of population offspring sex ratio are reviewed. The four hypotheses are the equal allocation hypothesis (FISHER 1930), the local mate competition hypothesis (HAMILTON 1967), the local resource competition hyppthesis (CLARK 1978), and the local resource enhancement hypothesis (EMLEN et al. 1986a). The hypothesis of TRIVERS & WILLARD (1973) on the individual variation of offspring sex ratio is also discussed. Many of the data from studies or species showing size sexual dimorphism are equivocal, and most of them contradict the prediction derived from the equal allocation hypothesis. There is no instance of local mate competition in birds, and no evidence to support the local resource competition hypothesis. The local resource enhancement hypothesis predicted a male-biased sex ratio well in a population of Picoides borealis. Offspring sex ratio varied with hatching dates and/or hatching scquence in a number of species, but there was no universal explanation for the biases proposed. Studies of several species of birds of prey, Poephila guttata, Ficedula albicollis, Parus caeruleus and Acrocephalus sechellensis, suggested adaptive offspring sex ratio manipulation by the mother according to physiological, ecological and/or social conditions, such as body condition, territory quality, or male attractiveness. These studies support the Trivers-Willard hypothesis.
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages
123-
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Shigeta MORI
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages
125-131
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Junichi KIKUCHI
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages
133-138
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Masanori SAITO
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages
139-144
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Jun-ichi P. ABE, Shin-ichi ISHIKAWA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages
145-150
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Takayuki NAKATSUBO
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages
151-157
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages
159-
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Ken SASAKI
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages
161-166
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Toru MIURA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages
167-174
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Kenji MATSUURA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages
175-182
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Norikuni KUMANO, Eiiti KASUYA
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages
183-191
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Kazuki TSUJI, Zhibin LIU
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages
193-200
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages
201-
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[in Japanese]
Article type: Article
1999 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages
201-202
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Article type: Bibliography
1999 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages
203-205
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Article type: Appendix
1999 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages
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Article type: Cover
1999 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages
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Published: August 25, 1999
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Article type: Cover
1999 Volume 49 Issue 2 Pages
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