The definition of the fracture and the concept of the reservoir engineering were described as a basic knowledge on a new prospecting method on hydro-geological structure of the fracture. The method combines the computer aided pressure transient testing method, the method using the highly accurate tilt-meter and the metering method of two-phase flow. Summaries of the outline of this prospecting method are as follows.
(1) In the computer aided pressure transient method, water injection and air pressure systems were used to change fluid injection rate in the well. The former is used for high permeability formations, and the latter used for low permeability formations. The water injection pump and the compressor were controlled by inverter control in sine wave type. Then learning and fuzzy functions were installed in computer to control the compressor. The analysis software of test data was improved for the use on personal computer. As the result of applying this method to some actual geothermal fields, highly reliable measurement on the hydro-geological parameter were acquired.
(2) As the result of the simulation on the observation method using the high precious tilt-meter, the effect of the reservoir parameters (depth, permeability, pressure and Young's modulus et al.) on the inclination of surface was quantitatively estimated. It was clarified that this observation method effectively functioned in order to estimate activity fracture distribution and hydro-geological parameters.
(3) In two-phase flow rate metering method, the metering system which combined laser beam flow-meter with the magnet-strain level indictor is used. As the result of applying the metering system in actual geothermal field, it was shown that this metering system was sufficiently effective under the two-phase flow conditions (40 m / s in steam velocity and 2 m / s in hot water flow velocity).

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Laws of waste recycle have been established in recent years. As the result, waste recycle is on the considerable increase. However, there is a limit to recycle of waste, because even the recycled products become wastes at the end of their lives.
In our country, the life span of the industrial waste's disposal site was 3.7 years, and the life span of general waste's disposal site was 12.3 years at 1999.
Industrial waste was about 400 million tons, and general waste was about 54 million tons in fiscal 1999. Then, the final disposal amount of industrial waste was about 50 million tons, and that of general waste was about 11 million tons.
Nowadays, plastics and incinerated residue are major wastes, which are dumped at the final disposal site. These wastes do not contribute to the stabilization of final disposal sites. These wastes eternally occupy the final disposal sites, and prevent the utilization of these areas. Moreover, leachate treatment facilities are essential for the final disposal sites, and the treatment of the leachate is required throughout the long term.
However, the waste plastics are available as an urban energy source, and the incinerated residue has potential value as urban metal resources.
If these wastes are reproduced,it will contribute to prolonging life of the final disposal site, and also contribute to mining quantity control of natural resources.
The point of waste management in the 21st century is to reduce final disposal waste and to convert it to resources.

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A simple analytical method for the determination of trichloroethylene (TCE) in soil and groundwater using a lipid-coated quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor was developed. For the measurement of the groundwater, shaking a water sample by hand in a sealed-bottle attained concentration equilibrium of TCE between water and headspace gas in the bottle. The frequency change of the QCM sensor that was monitored after inserting it into the headspace of the sealed bottle was turned out to be proportional to the concentration in water. Comparison of analytical performance of the QCM sensor and that of the gas detector tube, conventionally used for monitoring of these gases, was carried out. The former method gave a wider dynamic range of the measurement.

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Land deformation and tree felling caused by the development actions influences on the wind shift around the development areas. We defined the topographical features that affected the wind flow as a topographical factor. We also defined the decrease in the wind velocity by trees as a tree factor. The AMeDAS weather stations were classified into 4 topographical feature forms by these topographical factors' conditions. These were coast, flatland, flatland mixed with mountain and mountain valley. From the viewpoint of macroclimate, Tohoku district was divided into the Japan Sea side and the Pacific Ocean side.
Statistical study was conducted to investigate the relation between influences the factors and the wind flow. Multiple regression analysis using the factors could reach the relative equations for the frequency of the wind direction and the mean of the wind velocity for the flatland mixed with mountain in summer and winter.
Using the relative equations as the prediction formulas, it was examined the prediction of the wind flow change at the development area which had land deformation. As a result, it was predicted that the wind flow around the development area would change caused by development.

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本研究の目的は三次元の鉱体のケーバビリティを評価するために，パラメータをモデル化するための方法を開発することである。本研究では，4 つの評価パラメータ，すなわち，RQD，修正不連続面間隔J_s，不連続面のセットおよび角度に関する影響係数J_f，不連続面のせん断特性J_φによる鉱体のケーバビリティを評価する方法を提案している。この方法において，地質統計学的手法および3D ブロック・モデリング法によりブロック中の各パラメータの値を評価するとともに，ファジー集合をブロックのケーバビリティを評価するために使用した。さらに，提案した方法を中国北部のある銅鉱山に適用した。

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Recently, the liquid crystal display-panel is commonly used for the monitor devices in various electronics machines and household appliances. This in turn increased the amount of liquid crystal display-panels wasted from the display making company and electronic scraps. It is important to recycle them, considering the resources and environments. However, it is difficult to obtain the available components from these wasted display-panels. It is suggested that the difficulty in recycling the wasted display-panels derives from the fact that the liberation technology is not available.
On the other hand, the electrical disintegration (ED) method using lightning discharge is introduced as a new crushing technique that can liberate materials along their boundaries.
In this study, the liberation of various liquid crystal display-panels was investigated by using the electrical disintegration approach and the recovery of materials from the fragmented panel was considered. From experimental results, it was found the relationship between the display sizes and voltage, current and energy for liberation. In addition, the feasible liberation of the recycling of display-panel was achieved by the ED method. Moreover, liquid crystal and the films covered on the glass plate of the display were recovered by distillation and boiling process of fragmented display-panel.

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In order to develop economical production process from metallurgical grade silicon to solar grade, the thermodynamics for elimination of boron, which is the most difficult impurity, in molten silicon were investigated by applying the SiO₂-saturated NaO_0.5-CaO-SiO₂ flux system. Distribution ratio of boron between the flux and molten silicon defined by {(mass% of B in flux) / [mass% of B in silicon]} was measured at 1,723 and 1,773 K as a function of flux composition.
The basicity and viscosity of the flux have a dramatic effect on the distribution behavior of boron. The maximum value of the distribution ratio of boron obtained in the present study is larger than the ones between the flux containing various alkaline-earth metal oxides and molten silicon. The obtained distribution ratio is, however, so small value (single order) that this flux treatment process cannot be directly applied to practical operation.
Based on the results obtained, it was found out that there is the possibility of boron being efficiently removed from molten metallurgical grade silicon by the oxygen gas injection method using basic flux for as short operating time as possible, which can establish high basicity of flux and high oxygen partial pressure at a flux-silicon interface.

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A recovery of calcium resource from such solid waste as coal burnt ash, which involves a large amount of calcium-derived compounds, was investigated by extraction with organic acids. The effect of organic acid on the quality of extracted solid product was studied, in terms of the amount of recovered calcium component and impurities, by employing 6 organic acids: formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, malonic acid and succinic acid. Extraction was performed by dissolving the coal ash samples with organic acid and by filtrating the solid residue to separate the calcium-rich solution. Calcium in the coal ash sample was dissolved with the organic acid, and CaO was recovered from the resulting solution by the evaporation followed by the calcination at 900 °C.
As the results, it was found that CaO content in the extract was concentrated up to 75.7-92.7 % from coal burnt ash containing 33.9 % of CaO. The enrichment of CaO was related with pK_a value of organic acid. Increasing in pK_a value resulted in higher yield of CaO with lower amount of such impurities as SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃.
A highly porous structure of CaO extracted with organic acid was obtained. The pore diameter and the pore volume of extracted CaO were 0.31-1.35 μm and 2.02-2.74 l / kg, respectively, compared to those of calcined limestone: 0.075 μm and 1.18 l / kg. Owing to highly porous structure of extracted CaO with organic acid, the capacity of extracted CaO for dry sorption of SO₂ was found to be about 2 times larger than that of CaO obtained by calcination of limestone.

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Sodium bicarbonate easily forms cakes during the storage and / or transport process after production, due to the influence of conditions such as humidity, temperature, compaction etc. Caking causes serious degradation of the material in the commercial value. To overcome the problem, the caking mechanism must be clarified first, and thereafter the effective treatment should be considered to avoid caking. Weak caking strength of sodium bicarbonate powder at the initial stage of caking was measured and evaluated in relation to amounts of various components and physical properties of the powder. Caking under the high humidity (RH80%) of sodium bicarbonate found to occur due to the bridging among particles during the process of changing of sodium carbonate to sodium sesquicarbonate. The caking under the conditions of low humidity (RH40%) and high temperature (40 ∼ 50 °C) however owes bridging accompanied by the change from sodium carbonate to Wegscheider's salt. Caking strengths measured for sodium bicarbonate samples with various particle sizes were correlated with contacting numbers among particles. The caking strength, B_L, was found to be expressed with the equation: B_L = k·Sc·F, where Sc is the contact area per unit surface area of sodium bicarbonate particles, and F is the formation quantity per the unit surface area, of the double salts such as sodium sesquicarbonate and Wegscheider's salt. We have found finally an effective method to avoid caking through the process of analyzing the caking mechanism of sodium bicarbonate.

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