The inhibitory learning approach is recognized as the underlying theory of exposure therapy, based on the findings of fear conditioning and extinction. This paper raises questions regarding the validity of two claims in the inhibitory learning approach: (1) exposure therapy is a clinical analog of the extinction procedure in fear conditioning, and (2) the inhibitory learning approach is based on associative learning theories. Little evidence exists to argue that the mechanism of exposure therapy is underpinned by extinction or habituation. Inhibitory learning, as assumed by the inhibitory learning approach, is a unique construct that differs from previous associative models. To bridge the gap between associative theories and the inhibitory learning approach, we introduce a new model and discuss directions for future research.

Persistence in children is associated with various successes such as academic achievement and positive relationships with others. Despite the importance of children’s persistence, little comprehensive understanding exists on how persistence can be fostered. Whether the existing tasks and measures are appropriate for assessing persistence in children and which external and intrapersonal factors affect their persistence are ambiguous. In this paper, we aimed to review persistence in young children and discuss several problems to understand persistence deeply. First, we reviewed the tasks and measures used to assess children’s persistence. Second, we introduced recent studies investigating the external factors that influence persistence in infants and preschoolers. Third, we focused on intrapersonal factors related to persistence and discussed individual differences in these factors. Finally, we propose future directions of persistence research in consideration of these issues.

With the world facing global disasters such as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and climate change, society is changing and entering a turning point. Experts and individuals are deeply considering survival. We have been building the foundation for a better society through diverse problem-solving initiatives worldwide, utilizing advanced technology to achieve greater convenience and efficiency. However, we cannot deny that the challenges we face are also partly caused by human technology. Therefore, as part of the effort to innovate and center society around human beings, the symbiosis of children and robots and creating an appropriate environment for human survival are necessary to consider.