The authors studied the face of excavation slopes along forestry roads in the Yachi landslide area, investigating the distribution range of pyroclastic flow deposits and the internal structure of the landslide bodies. A tephra analysis was also conducted. The results revealed two types of pyroclastic flow deposits in the area, identifiable as either the Yuhama pyroclastic flow deposits emitted in the Early Pleistocene or the Fudoyama pyroclastic flow deposits emitted approximately two hundred thousand years ago. The pyroclastic flow deposits were found in three states:1) diffused in mudstone fragments, 2) adjoined with fractured mudstone or other type of pyroclastic flow deposit at a steep angle, 3) covering fractured mudstone. These field observation findings and aerial photo interpretations of the landslide microtopography show that the slopes have been formed by recurrent landslides for more than two hundred thousand years including the compound landmass movement since the time before the accumulation of pyroclastic flow deposits. They also include the formation of present microtopography.

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This study was undertaken to examine present labor market conditions in Juba, the Capital of Southern Sudan (presently the Republic of South Sudan) through a field survey of companies reporting high human-resource demand. This study analyzes skilled human resource development for Sudanese by interviewing graduates of vocational training projects set by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).
Results of the field survey reveal differences in employee structure by capitalization, whether each enterprise represents an investment of Southern Sudanese capital or foreign capital. The survey, targeted the construction, auto repair, and hotel service industries in Juba, yielded results showing that migrant workers obtained higher posts than workers from Southern Sudan, perhaps reflecting the stagnation of school education in Southern Sudan during its long conflict. Human resources are immigrating to Juba from neighboring countries such as Uganda and Kenya in search of job opportunities.
Under these circumstances, human resource development for Southern Sudanese is highly necessary, as are vocational training projects by JICA. The field survey and its subsequent analysis reveal that the training projects have fostered skilled human resources and have contributed to the employment of graduates. However, more than half (50%) of graduates are working on a contract basis. Therefore, empowerment through such employment support services, which provide training programs, is necessary.

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