Background：Kawasaki disease（KD）is an acute, self-limiting, febrile systemic vasculitis of unknown cause associated with the development of coronary artery lesions（CALs）during childhood. Alarmin from cell death have been shown to be involved in the development of KD vasculitis. Interleukin（IL）-33 is released from damaged endothelial cells and acts as an alarmin.

Methods：We investigated whether IL-33 and its receptor（ST2）might be involved in KD pathogenesis. Serum levels of soluble ST2（sST2）in KD patients were measured before their first therapy. Furthermore, we investigated the impact of IL-33 on human coronary artery endothelial cells（HCAECs）and human coronary artery smooth muscle cells（HCASMCs）．

Results：Serum levels of sST2 were significantly higher in KD patients with CALs than in those with normal coronary arteries. In vitro, IL-33 upregulated the expression of ST2L and increased production of proinflammatory cytokines in HCAECs in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Notably, compared to isoconcentration of tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-33 significantly increased IL-6 production. Moreover, IL-1β increases IL-33 production by HCASMCs in a concentration-dependent manner.

Conclusions：The results of our study suggest that the IL-33/ST2 system might be involved in the development of KD vasculitis and a therapeutic target in KD.

Aberrant diastolic Ca2+ leak through the cardiac ryanodine receptor（RyR2）is an important cause of heart failure（HF）and lethal arrhythmia. Dantrolene directly binds to the Leu601-Cys620 region of RyR2, corrects defective inter-subunit interactions between the N-terminal domain and the central domain within RyR2, and then enhances the binding affinity of calmodulin（CaM）to RyR2, thus subsequently inhibiting diastolic Ca2+ leakage（zipping/unzipping hypothesis）．We demonstrated the anti-HF and anti-arrhythmic effects of dantrolene in a chronic-phase pressure-overloaded HF model or a catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia（CPVT）-associated RyR2（R2474S/+）knock-in mouse model. Furthermore, our single-center, interventional, open-label, uncontrolled study reported the acute effect of an intravenous injection of dantrolene in the context of a VT storm or sustained VT（sVT）in patients with HF resistant to guideline-directed medical therapy with β-blockers and class III anti-arrhythmic drugs. Thus, dantrolene, a RyR2 stabilizer, is a new type of anti-arrhythmic drug without negative inotropic action and QT prolongation. These beneficial effects are different from those of other anti-arrhythmic drugs such as beta-blockers or amiodarone. Hence it would be useful and appropriate for the treatment of patients with HF.

A self-administered questionnaire surveys on parental education on safe sleep environments（SSE）for prevention of sleep-related sudden unexpected infant deaths（SUID）were conducted to 19 administrative centers involved in child support, 43 obstetrics and gynecology（OG）clinics that provide antenatal care, and 80 pediatric clinics in Yamaguchi Prefecture. Responses were obtained from 12 centers, 24 OG clinics, and 49 pediatric clinics. All centers, 54.0% of the OG clinics and 59.2% of the pediatric clinics provided parental education using poster displays, leaflet distribution and face-to-face oral explanations in descending order of frequency. The educational content, mainly focused on sudden infant death syndrome, whereas information on SSE was limited and varied among the respondents. 58.3% of the administrators, 29.2% of the OG clinics, and 36.7% of the pediatric clinics had seen or were aware of the ideal SSE. Our survey suggests that medical institutions do not sufficiently recognize the importance of active involvement in raising awareness on SSE, and that evidence of SSE is not sufficiently understood by the administrators and medical practitioners. It is important for all institutions involved with children to share scientific findings and establish effective awareness-raising measures to prevent SUID.

Review nursing literature on enhancing the will in daily life of elderly people who have difficulty communicating and clarified the clues and methods for nurses to enhance the wills of the elderly, the content of their wills, and the underlying view of nursing. After narrowing down the search criteria based on a keyword search, 16 papers were selected, including 15 domestic and 1 foreign paper. Both domestic and foreign papers have been common since 2000, and when classified by study design, there were six case studies（37.5%），five descriptive qualitative studies（31.25%），and five quasi-experimental studies（31.25%）．

Using Berelson’s method of content analysis as a reference, we analyzed from the following four viewpoints. As a result, in“1. What nurses use as clues to understand the intentions of the elderly”，five categories were generated：［facial movements］，［body movements］，［biological/life reactions］，［changes in reactions and conditions］，［lifestyles and personal information］．In“2. Methods for understanding the intentions of the elderly”，eight categories were generated：［observation by sharing time］，［intentional verbal and non-verbal communication］，［physical stimulation］，［presentation and support of choices］，［collaboration in a team including family members］，［inference of intention］，［confirmation of intention］，and［exploring intentions and care methods］．In“3. Contents of intentions of the elderly as understood by nurses”，four categories were generated：［emotions］，［needs］，［physical condition］，and［recognition/interest in others and situations］．In“4. Basic Nursing perspective,”three categories were generated：［a desire to respect the elderly］，［enhancing nurses’own abilities］，and［the joy of nursing care］．

A questionnaire survey was conducted to explore the perceptions of changes in nursing care given to fathers before and after the Covid-19 pandemic. The questionnaire included 31 items were used for pre and post-pandemic practices, and nurses were asked an open-ended question about what had changed.

Factor analysis was used to analyze and 5 factors were identified："direct support for fathers to understand and care for their children；" "support to promote fathers' roles according to their beliefs；" "support for fathers to utilize social resources；" "support for fathers to enable them to support the mothers," and "support to connect fathers with their wives in the hospital." Direct support for fathers became more difficult, and nursing practice other than remote involvement was significantly lower than before the COVID-19 pandemic. Under these circumstances, nurses were required［actively engage fathers］to gather more information and innovate means to include fathers in nursing care. In addition, nurses,［in conjunction with other members of the interdisciplinary team］，were able to identify those fathers that needed to be more involved.

Nurses need to provide fathers with support to promote the father role while addressing COVID-19 safety issues and assessing the needs of the affected child and family.