Zinsser and his co-workers (1) devised an agar tissue medium which was reported to be satisfactory for the growth of rickettsiae. This medium was found to be quite satisfactory for the cultivation of both rickettsiae and viruses. Spotted fever rickettsiae (Fitz Patrick, 2), equine encephalomyelitis virus (Fitz Patrick, 3), vaccinia virus (Kurotchkin, 4), herpes virus (Cheever, 5), virus of St. Louis encephalitis (Pang and Zia, 6), virus of psittacosis (Yanamura and Meyer, 7), and Bartonella tyzzeri (Weinman and Pinkerton, 8) were cultivated successfully on this medium. Poleff (9) reported to have cultivated the virus of trachoma on this medium. An attempt was made to cultivate Ricketlsia orientalis by Kanazawa (10) . Takemori (11) cultivated successfully the virus of lymphogranuloma inguinale and rickettsiae of tsutsugamushi disease on agar tissue medium.
Thompson and Coates (12) reported the multiplication of vaccinia virus in deep columns of Maitland medium. Pseudorabies virus (13) and the virus of common cold (14) were also cultivated in deep culture. Hitz (15) cultivated the typhus rickettsiae in test tubes, but the details of his study are not known to us. Yaoi and Arakawa (16) succeeded in cultivating the viruses of vaccinia and lymphogranuloma inguinale in deep cultures by the aeration of the medium. This technique was used successfully by Findlay and MacCallum (17) for the cultivation of yellow fever virus. Takemori (18) studied the propagation of the virus of lymphogranuloma inguinale and typhus rickettsiae in deep columns of Maitland medium without aeration of the medium. Yanamura and Meyer (7) reported also the cultivation of the psittacosis virus in deep culture.
Chumakoff (19) reported the cultivation of the virus of tick-borne encephalitis but we are not aware of the details of his studies.
Since August, 1944, we have attempted to cultivate the virus of tick-borne encephalitis in deep columns of Maitland medium and on agar tissue medium. In August, 1945, our cultures had to be interrupted involuntarily, and therefore, although our studies are not completed, the portion of our studies dealing with the propagation of the virus will be described in this paper.

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En route of investigations on the etiology of various conjunctivitis, we found a new type of conjunctivitis with a peculiar feature, which was unknown up to the present. And we substantiated that a kind of strepto-cocco-bacillus, which might also be new, is the causative germ of this conjunctivitis.
The first case of the conjunctivitis we examined, was a female patient of twenty-one years old, who had had discharge and recurrent injection of the bulbar conjunctiva for a long time ; and she had the last recurrence since one week - increased injection and secretion, and pain in the eye. In the discharge we found small cocco-bacilli, which showed the tendency to arrange themselves into chains. By cultivation we obtained cocco-bacilli, which were arranged into extremely long chains, even on a solid medium.
Within a year we observed twenty-one of such cases, in three cases of which we could follow the course of the disease for more than ten months.

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Against the infection from actinomycosis in human beings there has never been any specific treatment up to now and various therapeutic agents have been suggested and tried ; for example, the internal administration of iodides, the application of Roentgen rays with surgical intervention or the radical removal of the affected part whenever possible.
The mortality in this case, however, is generally very high, although the prognosis of the disease depends on the organs affected. Cerebrospinal involvement and all pulmonary cases are always fatal and the disease of abdominal organs is also in most cases very severe. Recently since the appearance of penicillin its strong bacteriostatic action against pathogenic actinomyces has been recognized, it was clinically tested. Herell (1) treated 12 cases of actinomycosis with penicillin and reported that in the disease of face penicillin yielded very good results in its earlier as well as in its progressed stages, while it was difficult to treat with success the abdominal disease and particularly those cases with fistula. The result obtained by Ushigome and Kimura (2) was about the same. They treated 2 cases of actinomycosis and succeeded to heal one case of the disease of face but failed in another case of the abdominal affection.
As regards sulfonamides, Takemura (3) insisted that sulfonamide was effective for the therapy of actinomycosis in experimental infection of guinea pigs but we could not reach the same conclusion.
Now in our study on the treatment of actinomycosis in experimental infection, Satake (4) investigated first the bacteriostatic action of drugs against a pathogenic actinomyces, isolated from a patient of the abdominal actinomycosis, in vitro, and among 82 compounds (inclusive of 21 sulfonamides, 4 acridines, 16 phenothiazines, 4 phenoxazines, 7 quinolines, 2 quinines, 10 tetronic acid derivatives, 6 natural substances and 10 others), it was found that trypaflavin, dinitrodimethylthionin nitrate, dianilide of phenyltetrone carboxylic acid, penicillin, usnic acid, gyrophoric acid and erythrin were able to inhibit the growth of actinomyces even in the dilution of more than 100, 000 times. Penicillin was found the most effective among these (4, 600, 000), then usnic acid coming next (256, 000) . An experiment was then planned to treat the experimental actinomyces infection of guinea pigs with some of these drugs. Penicillin, usnic acid, trypaflavin and 4 derivatives of sulfonamide were chosen for this purpose. But the result showed that only penicillin and usnic acid was really effective and suggested the successful treatment of the clinical case of actinomycosis with this latter substance.
By chance we could obtain a case of the abdominal actinomycosis, treated in several ways but not cured. The destiny of the patient was desperate. And usnic acid was used for this patient with great success, of which details should be reported below together with its effectiveness in experimental infection.

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Several antibiotic substances produced by various kinds of streptomyces are resembling each others. They are adsorbed by activated carbon from the fermented broth and eluted into acid methanol. They are soluble in water and insoluble in Organic solvents. However, they are different in toxicity, antibacterial spectra, and some chemical characters. At first Umezawa et al. (1-4) divided them into two groups, that is, streptomycin and streptothricin-group substances. According to the authors (1), substances of streptothricin-group are in the following characters.
1) They are obtained from the broth of streptomyces.
2) They inhibit widely Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
3) They are adsorbed by activated carbon, eluted Into acid methanol, soluble in water and insoluble in organic solvents such as acetone, ether, benzene and petroleum ether.
4) The streptomycin-fast E. coli is almost as susceptible to them as the normal culture.
5) The streptothricin-fast E. coli is more resistant to them than the normal culture.
Thereafter Umezawa classified the streptothricin-group substances into two groups, the streptothricin-group A and the streptothricin B. The former, if injected into mice, shows a later appearing toxicity, but not the latter. A strain of B. anthracis in Umezawa's laboratory is more resistant to streptothricin-group A than B. subtilis (N. R. R. L. B558), but is rather more susceptible to streptothricin B. Streptothricin-group A substances are produced by various kinds of streptomyces, but streptothricin B is obtained from the broth of strains belonging to S.fradiae.
In the present paper characters of strains producing streptothricin-group A substances and streptothricin B are described.

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