予想されていたことではあるが70年代における日本経済の大転換は, 生産第一主義の高度成長から民生優位の福祉経済へ, といったスローガンによってわれわれは意識の転換を余儀なくされているが, 産業構造の急変といった形でその実態が次第に明らかになりつつある。これはまた清酒業界の経済環境の大幅な変化として受取らねばならない。そこで, 広い視野に立って, しかも業界の進路をキメこまかく見定めることが必要となるが, その第一弾として, 長野県の清酒とその解明をにお願いした。なお, 絞られた論点を通じて業界全般の基本問題にも突込んだ所見が展開されているので, 焦眉の問題となっている自由化に対する心構えの一般論として大方の読者が関心を寄せられることを期待したい。

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　通勤手段を過度に自動車に頼る状態から公共交通や自転車などをかしこく使う方向へと自発的に転換することを促す「エコ通勤」は，環境対策とともに，健康増進，駐車場経費削減，企業イメージ向上，渋滞対策，公共交通活性化等にも重要である．しかし，「エコ通勤優良事業所認証制度」の登録事業所数は，近年頭打ちとなっていた．そこで，本稿では，1) 最新のブランディング戦略を取り入れたエコ通勤プロモーション刷新の検討状況について概観するとともに，2) 都道府県別の認証制度登録数の要因を明らかにすることで，今後の普及・促進のために有効な施策を示すことを目的とする．分析の結果，公共入札・調達での優遇制度を持つ自治体や，政策としてエコ通勤を推進する自治体で登録数が多く，地方自治体の役割が重要であることが示された．

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利用されなくなった牧場の森林化を行うため、企業の社会貢献活動の一環として企業等からの支援により、牧場に隣接するブナ林の林縁部に発生した稚樹を活用したブナの移植を行った。移植を行った牧場跡地は、未利用の牧草とその根系が５cm 程度の厚さで堆積していたため、三機工業や和信化学工業等の企業からの支援金を活用して重機を使って牧草をはぎ取った。その後、６～10月までの５回にわたり林縁部のブナ稚樹を堀取り、はぎ取った場所へ移植させた。本年度は、をはじめとする協賛企業および一般公募のボランティアに関係者延べ約300名が植樹に参加し、10,000本のブナ を0.7haの範囲に移植させた。なお６月に植栽したブナは10月現在で95％以上が活着し、植替え作業そのものは良好だった。本方法では、ＮＰＯが仲立ちをすることでボランティアの公募や企業の協賛に加えて、ＮＰＯに対する支援を行っている東京ガスや地球環境基金なども活用できるため、公的資金や地元負担が少なくなり、コストをかけずに地域の種苗を用いた自然再生を行うための手法の一つとして効果的だと思われる。

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The prewar Japanese agricultural co-operatives (sangyo-kumiai) developed rapidly after the "sangyo-kumiai expansion movement" started in 1933. This movement was a policy to relieve the peasantry oppressed by the economic depression through the sangyo-kumiai. After this period the sangyo-kumiai had a large influence on the villages. . The aim of this study is to clarify the historical significance of this movement from two point of view, studying the case of Yutaka-mura in Nagano Prefecture. Firstly, it is to pursue the relation between sangyo-kumiai and some classes in the villages ; and secondly, it is to make clear the role of the sangyo-kumiai under the Japanese imperialism during the 1930's. Now, as regard the first point, I think is necessary to emphasize that the middle class peasantry took in the sangyo-kumiai positively, while the low class peasantry was not positive towards the sangyo-kumiai increased slowly. On the other hand, the class of the small landlords depended deeply on the sangyo-kumiai, because they were strongly influenced by the economic depression. However, secondarily, through the whole process of the sangyo-kumiai expansion movement, the villages were reorganized by Japanese imperialism from the process of circulation. The reorganization of the process of circulation particularly effected in funds and chemical fertilizer. The village funds were absorbed by the sangyo-kumiai savings and were spent for the expansion of the capital market (national dept and bond). At the same time, through the channel of sangyo-kumiai, the chemical monopoly capital gained monoply profits. It is to say that, the sangyo-kumiai movement, on one hand relieved a little the peasantry, on the other strengthened the control on the villages of the monopoly capital using peasantry effort (jiriki kosei).

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According to the historical research, in the Chiisagata area, local economies had been formed by the development of the silk industry up to the end of WWI. However, local economies became smaller and financial troubles got big due to the decline of the silk reeling industry after WWI. According to the author of this paper, on the other hand, in the Shimoina area in the 1920s, the cooperative Silk Reeling Filatures were developed and autonomic development of the local economy was established. Therefore, this paper's aim is to analyze the features of the cooperative Silk Reeling Filatures in Shimoina by comparing both areas. The result of the study in this paper are these two points. First is the difference of silk-reeling between the two areas. Chiisagata area had used hand silk reeling until the WWI in parallel with machine silk-reeling in the silk reeling industry. However, hand silk reeling declined severely after WWI and tended to be stagnant after the Showa crisis. On the other hand, the Shimoina area developed Sericulture rapidly in the Taisho era and cooperative silk-reeling was established in each village community during WWI. The cooperative silk-reeling filature was reorganized during the Showa crisis and production of high quality silk was achieved in the 1930s. Second is an analysis of the silk-reeling industry and the local labor market, the capital market, and the commodity market. In the labor market, There was some decline in the male workforce due to population drain, but the presence of many female workers kept the local markets stable. In the capital market, capital circulation within the area was established in the Shimoina area. Regional banks and Cooperative banks was in moving toward development. On the other hand, silk-reeling in the Chiisagata area was in stagnation and that accelerated the financial crisis in the 1920s. In the commodity market, cost within the area were regulated by the cooperative silk-reeling filature in Shimoina area. On the other hand, circulation of cocoons in and outside of the area was common. In this way, area economic structure in the Shimoina area whose autonomy was higher than that of the Chiisagata area was established by the cooperative silk reeling filature's lead.

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The Japanese banking system in its pre-war period had, it has been pointed out, structure and function much different from its western predecessors. Its character and relation with the condition of industry still remain to be explained. This article aims to clarify the operational linkage between banking and industry with the study on the local banks in Nagano-prefecture in the 1920's. Local banks in Nagano-prefecture, which had become a leading area of sericulture and silk-reeling industry, developed in conjunction with these industries. In view of asset, customers and process of merger, local banks in Nagano-prefecture can be classified into two groups ; (I) the first group (Dai Jyuku-Bank, Rokujyusan-Bank, etc.), relatively large in their size, financed mainly to silk-reeling companies, merging other banks; (II) the second group (Shiga-Bank, Komatsubara-Bank, etc.), small in their size, financed to peasants being engaged in small-scale sericulture, local merchants and landlords. The banks of this group were finally merged into the banks of first group or went bankrupt. After this economic crisis of 1920, the economic conditions surrounding these two groups of banks had drastically changed. The banks of first group, which were under financial control of larger metropolitan banks and carried out its function as a necessary part in the supply of fund from metropolitan banks to producers (i.e. the system of industrial finance called "Seishi-Kinyu"), became buffer against the deteriorating financial conditions. Increasing difficulties in the silk-reeling industry brought large amount of uncollectable loan to the banks of this group. As to the banks of second group, the blow of economic crisis of 1920 was harder than that of the first group. The attempt of silk-reeling companies to shift their difficulties on to peasants being engaged in sericulture and local merchants was, in addition to the fall in the price of cocoon, caused such damage to those peasants and merchants that their debts to the banks were almost fixed and uncollectable. Due to scantiness of their own capital and deposit, the banks of second group couldn't bear against that blow, and were driven to bankruptcy or forced to merger. As a result of this process, local banks in Nagano-prefecture were much more dependent on the metropolitan banks, especially on Zaibatsu Banks.

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Suwa Basin, the center of silk-reeling industry in pre-war days, has changed into as area of machinery and food industries. The ivention of nylon and other synthetic fibers drove away the demand of raw silk, of which production decreased to one-fourth of that golden age. (Table 3) The total value added of the present industries is estimated to be 670, 000, 000yen (shipment to be 2, 000, 000, 000). (Table 8) The present industrial development was caused partly by the plants of Tokyo capital, which had moved to this area for safety during the war, and partly by some of those big plants that have stayed even after the war, what by the good quality of the local laborers and what by little production of inferior goods.
The labor of the area, in pre-war was mainly provided by the workwomen from neighboring provinces (Table 2), while workmen were comparatively few (about 4, 000). They were day-workers who lived in the neighboring rural communities and were called workmen-farmers. Their considerable earnings from factory labor led them to pay little attention to their farms. Land was split smaller and smaller until about half of the farmers could not make their living by the product of their farms alone. After the end of the war, at the downfall of the silk-reeling industry, these farmers could not help applying themselves closely to new industrial labor. The percentage of inferior goods among their product being small, in spite of their comparatively high wages, the managers of these enterprises found it profitable to leave their plants in the area even after the war.
The present 16 larger factories belong to metropolitan manufactures. Though only a few silk-reel manufacturers changed their trade to machinery or food industries, silkreeling industry in pre-war days in Suwa Basin can not be said to have no relation to present industrial development of the district. Because manufacturers and repairers of silk yarn machines have found their way to the subcontract factories of Tokyo capital manufacturers. The present writer believes that the above-mentioned industrial change in this area is a typical form of an industrial area based on rural communities which has changed into a modern industry area. Main machinery plants in the district are the following presision machine plants: Seikosha, a watch maker; Sankyo, a music-box maker; Yashica and Olympus, camera; and other machinery plants; Tohatsu, auto cycle; Tel-pisu, piston ring; Kitazawa, high-pressure valve. Among the main food plants, the largest is the plant of Yomeishu, a medical wine. The enterprises of sake and miso or bean paste are rather smaller in spite of their large output.

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