存期間のパターンが対数正規性を示すと思われる肺癌のClinical trialに必要な症例数をOwenのNoncentral t分布を用い, 次のような場合について検討した.
二つのグループの期待される月数の差が0.03より0.30まで, 月数の標準偏差が0.30, 0.35, 0.40, 0.45そして0.50について危険率0.05及び0.01, power 0.50, 0.70そして0.90の結果を得るための症例数を計算して表にした.

抄録全体を表示

A generalized mean temperature difference (GMTD) method for heat exchangers is proposed. In the analysis of the performance of heat exchangers logarithmic temperature difference (LMTD) method has been widely used. This method, however, limits its application to those heating media with constant physical property. In turn GMTD method allows analysis with physical property distributed in an entire heat exchanger. Temperature profiles of the heat exchanger taken as function of heat load in place of axial position, mean temperature difference is evaluated numerically. It is mathematically demonstrated that LMTD method is an extremity of the GMTD method in the case of constant physical property. The GMTD method is applied to a hot water supplier with supercritical carbon dioxide as a heating media which is attracting attention as energy saving tactics. The hot water supplier operates under the condition of pseudo critical point of carbon dioxide where specific heat behaves anomaly. Incorporating GMTD method averaged overall heat transfer coefficient and subsequently formula of local Nusselt number are successfully derived for microchannel heat exchanger while formal application of LMTD method is found to give poor results i.e. two times less value with a larger error. This proves the validity of GMTD method.

抄録全体を表示

力ダイナミクス(LogMFD)は、メタダイナミクスと同様に、平均力に基づく仮想的な力学系を構築することで、生体分子などの複雑な構造のコンフォメーションサンプリングを実現するMD手法である。またサンプリングと同時に自由エネルギーを求めることができる方法であり、メタダイナミクスやTAMDなどの従来手法より高い計算効率を示す。本研究では、LogMFDの拡張を提案する。通常のLogMFDでは、平均力の評価には短いMD計算を実行する必要があるが、ここでは複数のレプリカを用意して、各レプリカの並列MD計算によるデータから平均力を評価するアルゴリズムを構築した。これにより、時間を増やさずにより精度の高い平均力、さらには自由エネルギーの評価が可能になった。講演では水中アラニンジペプチドに対する適用を紹介する。さらに時間が許せば、アデニル酸キナーゼへの応用も紹介したい。

抄録全体を表示

Heat transfer characteristics of a gas-to-gas parallel-flow microchannel heat exchanger has been experimentally investigated. The microchannel has a rectangular cross section with 200 μm high and 300 μm wide. Working fluid used was air. Reynolds number ranged from 63.5 to 191. The inlets and outlets temperatures of the heat exchanger were measured to obtain heat transfer rate. Experimental heat transfer rates were compared with those predicted by a conventional log-mean temperature difference method. The log-mean temperature difference method can be employed to a parallel-flow configuration whereas that cannot be employed to a counter-flow configuration investigated in our earlier work.

抄録全体を表示

This paper proposes tsunami fragility curves for low- and medium- rise RC building considering collapse modes, such as overturning and sliding, based on the examination of the database of damaged buildings during the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake. Log normal distribution is assumed for fragility curves, and the median and logarithmic standard deviation are estimated. One of difficulties for mode-based fragility estimation is that it is impossible to identify the most contributing collapse mode beforehand. The maximum likelihood method using multi-nominal likelihood function (Nakamura & Ugata, 2009) is extended, so that no assumption is needed about the relationship between each collapse mode. Proposed fragility curves include statistical uncertainty considering limited number of damaged buildings in the database.

抄録全体を表示

　桟橋のレベル1地震動に対する耐震設計は信頼性設計法が用いられているが，標準的な設計法は地震動のばらつきを考慮した手法とはなっていない．本研究では，地震動のばらつきを考慮した桟橋の耐震信頼性を簡易に評価する手法について検討した．検討対象項目は残留変形量と最大曲げモーメントとし，地震動のばらつきを考慮した多数回の2次元地震応答解析によって得られるこれら指標の確率分布を，3ケースの代表的な地震動による地震応答解析によって評価する方法を示した．

抄録全体を表示

This paper reports High-Density Cold Heat Transportation Material used as heat transport fluid for cooling system. The form of the material was particles that consisted of paraffines processed to gel. Paraffines were used as a phase change materials. This material was suspended in water. In this paper, thermal properties and heat transfer characteristics of this slurry were evaluated by using a differential scanning calorimeter and a double-tube-type heat exchanger. The paraffines in the slurry froze without causing supercooling and the amount of heat exchange of the slurry increased in comparison with that of water.

抄録全体を表示

　岩盤の透水性が不均質な場に対して連続体モデルを用いて地下水流動解析を行う際には，透水係数の代表値として巨視的透水係数を設定する必要がある．一方，原位置試験によって算出される透水係数の分布は，同じく岩盤の不均質性に起因して実際の岩盤の透水係数分布よりも大きく計測される．そのため大きく計測される原位置試験の結果から岩盤の透水係数分布を適切に推定した上で巨視的透水係数を設定する必要がある．本論文では確率有限要素法を利用した逆解析によって岩盤の透水係数分布を推定し，巨視的透水係数を設定する手法を提案し，数値実験によって妥当性の検討を行った．さらに，サンプルデータを対象とした巨視的透水係数推定例を提示した．

抄録全体を表示

This paper presents the results of heat transfer performance of pool boiling type and falling film type heat exchangers and operation test about newly developed solar absorption chiller using the two types of new heat exchangers. It is well known that solar thermal energy has two advantages: largest volume of energy in renewable energy resources and high energy conversion efficiency. Solar cooling system utilizing solar thermal energy as energy sources is attracting attention as saving energy because industrial and commercial air conditioning occupies high energy consumption compared to other energy application. In order to utilize solar thermal energy for industrial and commercial air conditioning application effectively, we Kawasaki Thermal Engineering produced prototypes of two types of new heat exchangers: pool boiling type and falling film type, and evaluated the heat transfer performance for the two types. As a result, the utilization of about 75 degrees C hot water, which was hard to achieve in conventional absorption chillers for its relatively low temperature, succeeded using the newly developed falling film type heat exchanger.

抄録全体を表示

Fatigue tests were conducted on smoothed specimens of a carbon steel, S35C, under repeated two-step loadings as well as constant amplitude stresses, and the probabilistic characteristics of fatigue lives under varying loading conditions were examined by considering the both relations of stress-plastic strain and of plastic strain-fatigue life.
The main results obtained are as follows; (1) The distribution of fatigue lives was found to be represented by log-normal distributions for both constant stress amplitude and repeated two-step loading tests. (2) Although fatigue lives under the constant stress amplitude tests showed a fairly large scatter at a stress level near the fatigue limit, those under the varying loading tests did not show such a large scatter at that level and a slightly increasing tendency of the standard deviation of fatigue life with the increase of fatigue life was found in the region below the fatigue limit. (3) Little correlation was found between the variances of the stress-plastic strain relation and of the plastic strain-fatigue life relation for the varying loading tests, and it was found that the variance of the former relation was very much smaller than that of the latter one. Therefore, the variance of the stress-fatigue life relation for the varying loading tests of a particular load pattern was concluded to be determined by the variance of the plastic strain-fatigue life relation.

抄録全体を表示

Recently, the absorption chiller/heater is attracting interest because it delivers airconditioning without using fluorocarbons. Practically, it requires periodical or non-periodical maintenance. It is difficult to detect failures except in summertime with large refrigerant load and, moreover, human expertise is needed for discrimination of their origin. This paper reports on a system that automatically predicts the possibility of failures and discriminates their origins, regardless of the driving situation.

抄録全体を表示

In 2002, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published guidelines for surgical handwashing and hand antisepsis on the Internet. According to these guidelines, we revised our surgical handwashing method from scrubbing with brushes to rubbing with antiseptic. The new method consists of scrubbing around the nails with brushes and rubbing the hands and arms with antiseptic from the elbow to the antebrachium. A total of 182 surgeons and operating-room nurses participated in the current study. Bacterial contamination was investigated using the glove-juice method. The new surgical handwashing method is simple, and requires only a short time to perform (2 minutes 50 seconds). The bacterial examination confirmed that rubbing the hands with antiseptic was significantly more effective than scrubbing with brushes. In terms of sterilization or prolonged effects, 4% chlor-hexidine gluconate (CHG) was superior to 7.5% povidone-iodine (PVI) throughout a 3-hour period after hand antisepsis. Although bacterial counts were increased 3 hours after the beginning of surgery, additional hand rubbing with 0.2% chlorhexidine-83% ethanol (Hibisoft^TM) was effective in suppressing the number of bacteria. Hibisoft^TM successfully prolonged sterilization for more than 3 hours. For long surgical procedures, CHG should be used as an antiseptic and gloves should be changed every 3 hours, alcohol-based hand rubbing should also be performed 3 hours after the initial handwashing. This new technique will be included in the OSCE curriculum to ensure its standardization. Moreover, in-depth education regarding central operating-room practices is desired.

抄録全体を表示