As social change became rapidly since the second half of the 20th century, the way of education has also changed. In this paper, based on the sustainable and democratic society, competencies on the mathematical scientific problem solving, its educational significance, and mathematics curriculum and classroom lessons focused on the competencies, were discussed from the standpoint of a researcher on mathematics education. At first, 'Mathematical Science' - Mathematics, Statistics, and Industrial and applied mathematics - proposed by the Science Council of Japan was refereed. Ways of thinking in statistics and industrial and applied mathematics, which attempt to resolve problems based on real phenomena and data, were captured as mathematical scientific problem solving. Then, educational significance of the mathematical scientific methods such as problem solving and mathematics curriculum based on problem solving of Japan were discussed and several mathematical classroom lessons based on problem solving of Japan were investigated. Thereafter, key points for fostering competencies on the mathematical scientific problem solving were considered.
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