Population who live in food deserts are increasing in central business districts of mid-sized provincial cities. This is because of increasing number of aged residents who cannot adjust to an environment which requires long distance. In provincial areas, it is common to use cars to go anywhere and residents with difficulty in moving long distances are confronting great obstacles in daily life. Though some private companies conduct business in providing living essentials, there is no firm-framework to improving the environment by public support. As countermeasure to this, shopping on the internet or at mobile shops became popular. However, these solutions were not necessarily effective for those who have low accessibility to daily necessities. Those who have lived in city center for a long time face this problem because they could not catch up with the change in their living environment. Therefore, it is important to understand a former living environment. This study focused on city center of Matsumoto.

　There are five main avenues in the commercial environment of Matsumoto city center. Based on an analysis of the function, it is found that these main avenues have existed from the time of a castle town. Along these avenues, there are shopping goods shops and they were used by the residents of the whole city. This area is named <Shopping Sphere> in this research. However, because of motorization, <Shopping Sphere> has declined, and instead, shopping malls are mainly used today. As for convenience goods, based on a study of changes in use of buildings from past to present, <Livable Sphere> supported the lives of city center residents. <Livable Sphere> is a radius of about 300m and consists of several private shops providing convenience goods to those who live in that area. The city center consists of several <Livable Spheres>. Nowadays residents use shopping malls even to get convenience goods instead of shopping in <Livable Spheres>.

　In summary, it can be said that residents used to get items for their daily life within <City Sphere>, consisted of <Shopping Sphere> and <Livable Sphere>. However today, residents use shopping malls for both purposes of getting shopping and convenience goods and the potential customers of shopping malls live in whole city center. For getting shopping goods, potential users of <Shopping Sphere> originally lived in whole city center, therefore the environmental change did not affect those residents. However, as for getting convenience goods, the environmental change from <Livable Sphere> to shopping malls meant that a required distance for getting convenience goods became longer. Therefore, those who have low accessibility to shopping malls are now trapped to food desert problems.

　The remnants of <Livable Sphere> can be seen in these private fresh food shops scattered around the city center. They play significant roles for supporting residents with low accessibility to shopping malls. They also provide delivery services according to the needs and selling a variety of goods. These practices were their own survival strategy at first, but as they gradually recognized the social demand, their attitudes are now oriented towards supporting food desert areas. Also, for the old customers, they can easily shop because these private shops are well-known among them. These strong connections between customers and owners is the unique characteristic of the private shops and their existence is meaningful to complement food desert areas.

抄録全体を表示

With the progress of the aging society, how to maintain the daily shopping environment for the elderly has attracted growing attention from a perspective toward life in good health. Thus, this study investigated the life satisfaction of the elderly living in Tama Newtown, Tokyo, which is one of the rapidly aging local communities in urban areas, by focusing on the daily shopping environment. For this purpose, the study applied a two-stage estimation model that first determined the shopping satisfaction and then the life satisfaction of the elderly based on data obtained from a questionnaire survey. The result of the model estimation revealed that shopping satisfaction was positively related to the life satisfaction of the elderly, and that economic factors, infrastructure, and daily life factors are important for the enhancement of their life satisfaction.

抄録全体を表示

都道府県の地域商業はオムニチャネル、インターネットが台頭するこの時代に、どのような課題に直面しているか。本発表では、都道府県への調査結果を踏まえてこの問題を考えていく。「地域政策」と「商業政策」という言葉がある。論者によってその概念はいろいろだが、本稿では「商業政策」という場合は、商業者の対象とした政策、商業者同士の対立を巡る政策調整に注目した場合の概念として使用する。対して、「地域政策」という場合は、そこに地域の人、商業者以外の一般の消費者、あるいは商業者以外の産業に従事する人々からどう見えるかという意味を表して使用していく。これらの概念の対立を踏まえて、地域の課題について考えていく。

抄録全体を表示

Owing to population aging and a declining number of grocery stores, senior citizens face the challenge of inconvenient and laborious shopping for food. Recently, considerable efforts have been made to address such difficulties in food shopping. Although the measures undertaken are public in nature and highly appreciated by the local society, they are fraught with economic difficulties and the fear of unsustainability. Based on four presentations, this symposium discusses the approaches to address such a food accessibility problem from the viewpoint of satisfying the need for both economic efficiency and public good.
The first presentation is titled “Current Food Accessibility Problems in Japan: Using a Food Accessibility Map Based on the 2015 Population Census” ; (Katsuya TAKAHASHI); second is “The Development of New Food Access Maps That Shows the Availability of Food for Healthy Eating Indicator Shopping Baskets” ; (Nobuyuki IWAMA); third is “Actual Situation and Sustainability of Community Supermarkets” ; (Ryouta MURAKAMI); the last is “Food Policy Council and Urban Food Policy in North America” ; (Masashi TACHIKAWA). Paper covering the third presentation has been submitted to an academic journal; as such, this paper is not included in the current issue.

抄録全体を表示

本研究は東日本大震災の被災地である岩手県大槌町を対象に、仮設住宅から恒久住宅への移行期における、高齢住民の買い物行動の現状及び課題、今後発生、深刻化するであろう課題を明らかにすることを目的としている。住民や関係者へのヒアリング及び災害公営住宅における高齢住民へのアンケート調査によって、以下のことが明らかになった。(1)現在大槌町で実施されている買い物支援サービスで、需要があり、採算面から今後の継続が見込まれるのは移動販売車と生協の宅配サービスである。(2)現在多様な買い物支援サービスのある仮設住宅では、今後移動販売車の停車回数の減少が懸念される、(3)自宅に住む住民に対しては、買い物支援サービスの提供が少なく、点在する家族の支援が得られない高齢住民の買い物支援が課題である。(4)災害公営住宅においては、入居直後から買い物支援サービスが定着するまでがとくに問題が深刻であり、近隣住民同士の支援を受けにくいことから、コミュニティの構築が急がれる。

抄録全体を表示

    The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that have disrupted the healthy eating behaviors of the elderly. We supposed that there were two main factors, which were inadequate access to food and weak ties with family and the local community. In the local city that was composed of urban and rural area, these two factors were expected to cause the elderly residents a poor nutritional condition. An empirical study was conducted in City A that is located in the northern part of Tokyo metropolitan area. Logistic regression analyses were adopted. The dependent variable was “dietary diversity score”, and independent variables were “sex”, “age”, “income”, “family members living together”, “need of assistance”, “spending daytime alone”, “eating a meal with someone”, “the distance to supermarkets”, and “the frequency of participation in some hobby-related groups”. The results of logistic regression analyses showed that the dietary diversity scores of the elderly who lived in the area far from the supermarket were lower. Although controlling this effect, “the frequency of participation in some hobby-related groups” was statistically significant. These results suggested that inadequate access to food and weak ties with family and the local community have disrupted the healthy eating behaviors of the elderly.

抄録全体を表示

 In this research, we investigated the food desert in central Tokyo, where economic disparity was progressing by gentrification. Growth of high-income population due to redevelopments induced an increase in luxury supermarkets and a decrease in local grocery stores, which made worsened low-income households access to affordable fresh food. Therefore, we took questionnaire surveys and analyzed on the following 2 aspects.

 (1) Shopping distance
 We hypothesized that the low-income households have difficulties shopping due to having to go to distant supermarkets.
 Generally, it is said to be difficult to access if the shopping distance over 500m. In the study area the average to the store was 319m, so the food access was apparently good. But actually, it was different by area, some area had only luxury supermarkets within 500m, we named “unaffordable food access area”. The low-income households living there went to distant supermarkets by bicycle or bus instead of walking. One-third of them used farther away, over 2km supermarkets. The result of the hypothesis was that the low-income households living in “unaffordable food access area” went shopping to distant stores. Thus, they had difficulties accessing to affordable food.

 (2) Nutritional risk
 We hypothesized that the low-income households shopping long distance increase risk of low nutritional value diets.
 The elderly and low-income households living in “unaffordable food access area” had a 1.76 times higher nutritional risk than the other participants. Multiple regression analysis showed that the cause was not only social networks and personal habits, but also inconvenient shopping circumstances peculiar to urban areas. In addition, traveling long distances to go shopping resulted in a decrease in purchase volume and frequency.
 The results of this research indicate that the assessment of the proximity of shopping should consider the accessibility by not only the physical distance but also the households income. Furthermore, the results indicate that traveling long distances to go shopping have a negative influence on purchase volume and frequency, so even if bicycles and public transportation can be used in the area, we should evaluate shopping circumstances by considering shopping behavior.

抄録全体を表示