In this research, authors will clarify the transformation process and the present condition of the historical block of Beijing Outer Castle as a series of researches on urban fabric. The objective of this article is to evaluate living environment of Xuanxibei district, focusing on the space formation of da-za-yuan based on field studies. Xuanxibei district is designated for ‘Cordination Area of Historic Landscape’, but also for ‘Peng-hu-qu, Area’ to be improved. The district still maintains the traditional house type called si-he-yuan, but most of them is occupied by several families.

 The major points which this article clarifies are the following.

 1. There are many historical cultural heritages in Beijing Outer Castle where five “Historical Cultural Reserve Areas” and three “Historical Appearance Cooperative Areas” are designated. On the other hand, most of large-scale traditional courtyard house sìhéyuàn were occupided by many families and “Peng-hu-qu” which is consisted of many ‘peng-hu-fang’(small dwelling unit) was formed. Targeted study area Xuanxibei is a district designated both as a “Historical Cultural Reserve Areas” and a “Peng-hu-qu”’, and is a district that requires immediate living environment improvement.

 2. In Xuanxibei district, the street network is not as neat as the inner castle at the stage of Qianlong Jingcheng Quantu（1750）and there are many vacant lands. Since the end of the 18th century, halls and the sìhéyuàn were gradually built, forming a curved street network. As of 1955, the entire district was almost completely built, and the same street network as the present was established. The street is divided into 3 levels. a street where stalls and stalls selling vegetables and fruits come and go, a street for residents to pass through, and a street leading to each dwelling house.

 3. As shown in Fig. 5. The whole area is densely populated, and many of the daily activities like the public trash cans, public toilets and private storage etc. are carried out in the streets and community facilities. It is necessary to consider improvement of the living environment besides clearance type redevelopment.

 4. Since the establishment of the People's Republic of China, many people flow into Xuanxibei district. As of 1955, the form of sìhéyuàn was maintained, but it gradually became a "large miscellaneous house" in which several families coexist. "Peng-hu-fang" has been rapidly increasing since the early 1960s. When moving in, it is a one-room residence or two-room residence, and then a kitchen, bathroom, warehouse, etc. are added between the courtyard and the adjacent house.

 5. The district government and developers are promoting a redevelopment project, but have not progressed as planned. The forced evictions of the residents and the demolition of their homes were the main causes of the people's backlash. In addition, the number of 2287 units requested to move make it difficult to form a consensus.

 It would be unrealistic to inflate all the residents and redevelop the entire district, as it would be costly to compensate. Due to the building restrictions, the volume can not be increased, and there is little benefit for developers. In order to revitalize the district, a new method of improving the living environment at the on-site may be necessary. Further investigation is needed as to what will happen to Xuanxibei district.

　In this research, authors will clarify the transformation process and the present condition of the historical block of Beijing Inner Castle as a series of researches on urban fabric. The objective of this article is to evaluate living environment of Xintaicang district, focusing on the space formation of ‘da-za-yuan’ (a large miscellaneous house) based on field studies. Xintaicang district is designated for ‘Conservation Area of Historic Cultural’. The district still maintains the traditional house type called si-he-yuan, but most of them is occupied by several families.

　The major points which this article clarifies are the following.

1.　Although Xintaicang district is designated for ‘Conservation Area of Historic Cultural’, the change from si-he-yuan to ‘da-za-yuan’ and the illegal occupation of hu-tong is progressing in this district, and the living environment improvement is required immediately.

2.　There are many short streets with various directions and bends in the northern area of Xintaicang district, where many storages were located. On the other hand, the southern area of the district, where most of the streets are straight, follows the basic block model of Inner Castle of Beijing presented by Funo and Deng (1999).

3.　The streets are divided into 3 levels. This street system plays a role in maintaining the daily use of residents and the sense of unity of ‘she-qu’ (community).

4.　The Xintaicang district is crowded with ‘da-za-yuan’ and many of the daily activities are carried out in the streets. Various stalls, food stalls, and rear cars are placed on the street.

5.　Parking spaces and public trash cans have been set up on the streets of the Xintaicang district and there are many private storages.

6.　There are 558 si-he-yuan. 16 types were distinguished by the number of ‘yuan-zi’ (courtyard) in the depth direction and the frontage direction. However, since the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, many people have flowed into the city, and si-he-yuan has become ‘da-za-yuan’ where multiple families live together.

7.　In the Xintaicang district, the same street network was established in 1750, and the entire area was almost completely built. Comparing the current situation, there is almost no change in the blocks and streets, but in the dead end, many of them are narrow, straight and long, which shows that the district is overcrowded. In addition, there are several cases that residential lots are integrated into one residential lot.

8.　According to the interviews, the extension of si-he-yuan that added in the courtyard began in the 1970s, and the storage area, sink, laundry, etc. Inside the house are gradually overflowing, and the living environment becomes extremely deteriorated. Looking at the composition of each dwelling unit, the facilities necessary for daily life are not enough, and external shared facilities are used.

　Currently, there is an urgent need to improve the living environment where ‘da-zai-yuan’ are crowded. However, the area proves impractical with traditional remodeling methods because of the need for historical protection and the lack of commercial gain. The architecture of the Xintaicang is diverse in many respects, including its use, location, structure, number of soreys, and form. In order to revitalize the district, it seems necessary to maintain the texture, scale, and altitude of the current district, while narrowing down the development target and making the construction open.

Family management of agriculture by utilizing scattered farmland on a small scale is one of the main characteristics of modern agriculture in China. It is also normally considered as one important factor that hinders the increase of agricultural productivity. The Chinese government started to implement the Structural Adjustment of Agriculture in the year 1999. Under the Structural Adjustment of Agriculture, development of large scale agricultural management was facilitated by the government through policy support.

This study is based on an investigation and analysis of the cotton producing regions in Gaoyang County, Hebei Province. In particular, an analysis of the business evolution of L Farm Enterprise was made as an example of a pioneer in large scale cotton production in Gaoyang County. The purpose of this study is to clarify the process and trend of large scale agricultural management development under the Structural Adjustment of Agriculture. In addition, challenges facing the sustainable development of Chinese agriculture are also reviewed.

Under the Structural Adjustment of Agriculture, the government of Gaoyang County implemented a series of policies with the purpose of facilitating the development of large scale agricultural management and agricultural systematization. In these circumstances, a small number of farm households and organizations appeared that practice large scale agricultural management through tenanting. In parallel, the development of the cotton textile industry attracted a large amount of farm labor, which caused a reduction in the number of farm households doing labor intensive cotton production. As a result, a small number of large scale farm households and organizations replaced a number of small scale farm households and become the pillar of cotton production in Gaoyang County.

With the expansion of cotton production, farmland available for large scale cotton production was began to decline. In these circumstances, a small number of large scale farm households started to expand cotton production through tenanting in areas other than Gaoyang County, and kept only the high value added agricultural sector in Gaoyang County. Thus it is expected that the role of Gaoyang County in the Chinese domestic cotton supply system will change in the future.

Through investigation of L Farm Enterprise, it was discovered that various complicated problems are facing large scale agricultural management. L Farm Enterprise tried to avoid or overcome negative factors in order to maintain stable incomes. In parallel, it expanded the planted areas and applied a strategy aimed at the diversification of business. But when facing similar problems, most farm households don’t have enough capital to expand their farming area through tenanting and hiring labor, thus they are hardly able to realize large scale agricultural management.

Based on the above phenomena, the last part of this thesis analyzed the loss of farming labor and the centralization of farmland. It is an important way to promote the large scale agricultural management in order to realize the sustainable development of Chinese agriculture. In parallel, efforts should also be taken to create an environment that encourages stability and growth in earnings for small scale agricultural management.