強迫性障害（Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder）の青年に対する箱庭療法の効果を調査する試みにおいて，我々は，「パデュア尺度」（Padua Inventory）や「症状自評量表」（Symptom Check List-90）により強迫性障害と診断された青年男性に，個別の箱庭療法を12セッション実施した。質的研究法を用いて，我々は，患者の箱庭プロセスに４つの段階を見出した。治療後，患者には強迫症状の減少が見られ，彼の自己認識はより適合的で客観性を持ち，合理的で受容的なものとなった。結果として，我々は強迫性障害に対する箱庭療法の治療的メカニズムについて概説した。この治療効果研究は，強迫性障害患者の治療者に，可能性のある新たな選択を提示するものである。

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To achieve excellent picture quality at low cost using electron guns in large-screen color TV tubes, an improved E4 main lens has been developed by generating a negative astigmatism at the entrance of the main lens while maintaining a strong positive astigmatism at the exit of the main lens. Enlarging the main lens diameter by 67% in the horizontal direction improved the focus performance of the guns even though a cheaper oxide cathode was used instead of an expensive impregnated cathode in a large-screen color TV tube (in which a high luminance is required). And the guns of both dynamic focus and non-dynamic (or static) focus types use the same design for each electrode, except for G3, which helps further cost reduction of the electron guns.

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キュウリモザイクウイルス(CMV) RNA3の3a遺伝子を切断するようにデザインしたリボザイム(840塩基の3aアンチセンスを含む)導入形質転換タバコの1系統の自殖後代において著しい抵抗性のばらつきが観察された。これら抵抗性の強弱と導入遺伝子転写産物の蓄積量との間に相関関係は認められなかった。特に強抵抗性個体においては,接種後の上位葉から導入遺伝子がほとんど検出されず,その部分分解産物が確認された。このことから,強いCMV抵抗性の要因は導入遺伝子の直接の働きではなく,宿主細胞が導入遺伝子の配列に特異的なRNA分解活性を獲得した結果,導入遺伝子のみならず感染したCMVのRNA3の相補鎖が分解され,ウイルス抵抗性が発現した可能性が示された。

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　日本の医薬品承認品目数は欧米と比較した場合その数は非常に少ない。国内での開発が急がれる状況である。しかしながら日本の臨床開発は様々な要因で「治験の空洞化」と呼ばれる現象が生じ，治験実施件数は減少してきた。一方でアジアの国々の中には積極的に国際共同開発へ参加することで力をつけ医薬品開発において急速な発展を遂げている国が現われてきている。医薬品開発のグローバル化も進むなかで日本だけが取り残されかねない状況である。
開発環境を改善するため行政が打ち出した「全国治験活性化３ヵ年計画」のもと「大規模治験ネットワーク化の推進」などに取り組み，「抗がん剤併用療法に関する検討会」，「未承認薬使用問題検討会」，「治験のあり方に関する検討会」等の検討会が設立され議論がなされている。日本の医薬品産業が国際競争のなかで生き残っていくにはまずは欧米並みにインフラストラクチャーを整備し医薬品開発のグローバル化に対応していかなければならない。今こそ積極的に改善に向けて取り組んでいくべきである。ひいてはそれが日本国民に対して欧米に遅れることなく最新の医療を提供することにつながる。
このような規制側，企業側，医療関係者，国民が一体となった取り組みにより近い将来日本の医薬品産業が国際競争力を備えるため明確な開発戦略を持ち，さらには日本国民に最新の医療を提供するために製薬企業として尽力していきたい。

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Dishwashers are one of the sources of bacterial contamination in dishes despite the fact that they comprise extreme environments due to the high temperature, high pH, and the presence of detergents during their operation. In this study, viable bacteria were isolated from 6 door-type and 8 conveyor-type dishwashers that were being used in food service facilities. Each door- and conveyortype dishwasher was divided into 6 and 9 sections respectively. Thermophilic bacteria, which grow at 60˚C, were obtained from 5 sections of door-type dishwashers, but obtained from one section of conveyor-type dishwashers tested. The 16S rRNA sequences of the cultured isolates revealed that fewer Gram-negative bacterial strains were found in door-type dishwashers than in conveyor-type dishwashers. The most frequently identified bacterial species in the samples tested were spore-forming bacteria, such as Bacillus and Anoxybacillus species. This study highlights the vulnerabilities presented by dishwashers used in food service facilities.

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To compare transformation frequency and to investigate the developmental alterations in transgene expression, two cut-flower chrysanthemums ‘Yamabiko’ (spray-type) and ‘New Summer Yellow’ (standard-type) were transformed with three disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains C58C1, MP90 and LBA4404, all strains having the pBI121 plasmid. No marked difference was observed in transformation efficiency among cultivar/bacterial strain combinations. β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity levels in transformants were fairly low and varied among the different transgenic lines, ranging from 30 to 250pmol min^-1 (mg protein)^-1. GUS expression was not observed in the transgenic lines transformed with strain LBA4404. The alterations of GUS activity levels were examined for a long term, and it was observed that GUS activities reduced to zero level in most of transgenic lines 12 months after the inoculation of bacteria.

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6-(Hydroxyalkyl)penicillanates have proven helpful as probes for the mechanisms of β-lactamases, enzymes of resistance for β-lactam antibiotics. The present report summarizes the concepts on design, syntheses and use of these molecules in mechanistic studies of β-lactamases.

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Perceptions of young women in Japan are examined in relation to female self-defense. Several women in Japan were surveyed, with some chosen for interviews. It seemed that self-defense was often connected not to learning assault-prevention techniques but to purchasing self-defense tools. This finding opens two avenues for discussion. First, the marketization of personal safety is explored, as is the genderization of these tools and the subsumption of women's safety into a logic of consumption. Second, the shift from viewing the body as a weapon to viewing the object as one, which projects various forms of subjectification onto women, is discussed. These include the outsourcing of women's agency to an external object. It is concluded that this outsourcing often results in the reinforcement of tropes of fragility and the neutralization of resignifications of the female body that emerges from practitioners who focus on the body as the instrument of self-defense.

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Protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of Cattleya orchid CM2450 cultured either under constant illumination with cool-white-fluorescent lamps or in the dark were cocultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 carrying plasmid pSMAHdN627-ORSV harboring genes coding for Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV) replicase and hygromycin phosphotransferase. PLBs were maintained in liquid New Dogashima (ND) medium and then added to a bacterial suspension culture (OD600≈0.6) yielding medium dilution ratio of 1 : 10 and incubated for either 30 minutes or 3 h. Hygromycin-resistant secondary PLBs were induced after 4 weeks of culture on 2.5 g l⁻¹ gellan gum-solidified ND medium containing 1 mg l⁻¹ naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 0.1 mg l⁻¹ benzyladenine (BA), 10 mg l⁻¹ hygromycin, 20 mg l⁻¹ meropenem, 10 g l⁻¹ sucrose in both light- and dark-cultured PLBs. The number of resistant PLBs generated using dark-cultured PLBs was higher than those cultured under constant illumination. Presence of acetosyringone (AS) in the pre-culture medium was also effective for the transformation. The highest frequency of transformation was obtained when dark-cultured PLBs were pre-cultured with 100 μM AS for 3 days and inoculated with Agrobacterium liquid culture for 3 h. Transformation of hygromycin-resistant plantlets regenerated from different sites of inoculated PLBs was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization. Transcription of ORSV replicase gene in transgenic lines was successfully confirmed by Northern blot hybridization.

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Examining closely some of those modern American novels or stories in which worlds of nature play somewhat dominant parts one way or another, we find that there is a curiously similar attitude more or less common to the authors in their treatments of natural objects or phenomena. There are, it seems, three distinct levels or orders, for example, of which these stories or novels are made, including: first, the world of the actual society in which modern civilization is more or less dominant; second, the natural world where man, who has got out from the actual human society, struggles with some powerful natural object or phenomenon and, in the very struggling, finds some high value or glory which he cannot find in the actual civilized world; and, third, the world of some transcendental order, which is usually suggested by the eternal return of natural phenomena, such as seasons, procreation, celestial movement, or the flowing river, and which seems ultimately to sustain the whole moral of the work of art itself. Take, for example, Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea, or Faulkner's "The Bear", or even Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath. In these novels and stories, the world of the actual society is, almost without exception, something portent, or at least sordid and trivial, from which heroes or heroines get out early or are forced to do so, and they immediately seek something of much higher value and much more glorious (or fertile, in the case of The Grapes of Wrath) in the world of, if we borrow from Faulkner, "the ancient and unremitting contest according to the ancient and immitigable rules which voided all regrets and brooked no quarter." Thus Hemingway's hero fights the 'marlin', Faulkner's Issac seeks to be spiritually equal to Old Ben (these two being nothing but natural objects) and Steinbeck's Joads struggle against injustice, the endless highway and, above all, the dust storm and the flood (natural phenomena). But at the same time, in their struggles, although defeated and vain at the last in physical aspects, they seem to draw their ultimate strength (and embody it in themselves) from some conscious or unconscious cognizance of such transcendental order of nature as is represented by the celestial motion (The Old Man and the Sea, although the old man himself seems scarcely conscious of it), or the "leaf and twig and particle, air and sun and dew and night, acorn oak and leaf and acorn again, ... " ("The Bear"), or the mysterious ever-flow of water and blood and seasons (The Grapes of Wrath). It seems as if these authors, including many more, were trying once more (and, perhaps, once for all) to fall back on the dark power of the transcendental nature, in order to the actual world of the civilization-strained society.

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生体に必須な含硫アミノ酸の一種であるL-メチオニンがもたらす誘導抵抗性による，トマト萎凋病（Fusarium oxyspoum f. sp. lycopersici: FOL）に対する抑制効果を調査した．FOLの生育に影響が認められない濃度（100 μg/ml）でL-メチオニン溶液をトマト葉に噴霧処理し，2日後に1×10⁶ bud cell/mlのFOL懸濁液に1時間浸漬することで接種を行った．接種後の植物体を新たな土壌に植え替え，接種4週間後に発病度を評価した結果，L-メチオニン処理区において萎凋症状が抑制されることが確認された．また，接種0，48時間後のトマト根におけるPR遺伝子の発現を解析した結果，FOL接種によって誘導されるPR遺伝子の発現がL-メチオニン処理によって増強されることが確認された．以上の結果から，L-メチオニンはトマトにプライミング誘導効果を付与し，FOLの感染時にPR遺伝子発現を増強することで本病に対して抑制効果を発揮する可能性が示唆された．

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Scholarly data, such as academic articles, research reports and theses/dissertations, traditionally have limited dissemination in that they generally require journal subscription or affiliation with particular libraries. The notion of open access, made possible by rapidly advancing digital technologies, aims to break the limitations that hinder academic developments and information exchange. This paper presents the Electronic Thesis & Dissertation (ETD) Project at the Simon Fraser University Library, British Columbia, Canada, and discusses various technological considerations associated with the Project including selection of software, capture of metadata, and long-term preservation of the digitized data. The paper concludes that a well-established project plan that takes into account not only technological issues but also issues relating to project policies, procedures, and copyright permissions that occur in the process of providing open access plays a vital role for the overall success of such projects.

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This paper discusses the feasibility of debate for TEFL instruction. After defining debate format, a five-person debate is chosen for the high school context. In the next section, debate is analyzed in terms of pedagogical theory. Debate is content-based, satisfies the desire to communicate meaningfully, develops critical thinking skills and can be designed to integrate the four skills. Finally RICA, Reading-based Integrated Communicative Approach, is defined. This approach is particularly sensitive to affective factors and the development of schema.

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In Russia, “fundamentalism” in the Russian Orthodox Church has been on the rise since the early 1990's. “Russian Orthodox Fundamentalists” stand for restoration of autocracy, restriction against the Jews and the confessions other than the Orthodox one, the imperial principle of state structure, the Russian Orthodox Church status as the state church, for complete rejection of the concepts of democracy and human rights (in particular, as concerns the freedom of conscience), opposition to any forms of Western influence within the country and struggle against it beyond its borders, and compulsory imposition of “Orthodox values” in every-day life, culture and even economy. Their worldview is based on extremely mythologized notions about the pre-revolutionary Orthodox monarchy.
Inside the Russian Orthodox Church Moscow Patriarchate, Metropolitan of Saint Petersburg and Ladoga Ioann, a person of a greatest authority among the conservatives, prodused the most convincing arguments in favor of a “fundamentalist” position. Many Orthodox “fundamentalist” leaders including an activist Konstantin Dushenov, Editor-in-Chief of “Orthodox Rus” newspaper, have followed Ioann. Some church bishops and the clergy of the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad and of the True Orthodox Church have represented “fundamentalist” circles in these churches. A number of Orthodox brotherhoods, such as the Union of Orthodox Brotherhoods, the Christian Regeneration Union, the Union of Orthodox Citizens, ideologically hold extremely nationalist positions. Same as the similar extra-Church groups, such brotherhoods are not supported by the bishops, but it is impossible to expel anybody from the Church for political views and the nationalist brotherhoods continue working actively. Moreover, right-wing extremist organizations, such as “Pamyat”, “Black Hundred”, “Russian National Unity” actively cooperate in many regions with Russian Orthodox Church clerics. These persons and organizations can be classified into “fundamentalism” and “quasi-fundamentalism” for the moment. The clerics in the Russian Orthodox Church Moscow Patriarchate, the Russian Orthodox church Abroad, the True Orthodox Church are the former. The Union of Orthodox Brotherhoods, the Christian Regeneration Union are included in it. The Union of Orthodox Citizens and the right-wing extremist organizations are the latter.
“Russian Orthodox Fundamentalists” to defend their national and religious identity and worldview, fight with fundamentals of “Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Nationality”, and fight against their enemy. such as Western Europe, globalization under the name of God. “Russian Orthodox Fundamentalism” is similar to Russian Right-wing Extremism, and both of them are violent and aren't tolerant. “Russian Orthodox Fndamentalists” base their core identity on religion and they try to construct structual violence. Russian Right-wing Extremists emphasise race, nationality, state in their identity and they resort to physical violence. In addition, Russian New Right-wing Extremism borrow various ideologies othar than Russian Orthodox Christianity.
In 2002, conflict between the Russian Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church has come to the surface. It seems that since the early 1990's the unstable balance between “fundamentalists” and the Patriarchate has been gradually shifting in favor of “fundamentalists”. It is impossible to ignore the influence of “Russian Orthodox Fundamentalists” at the aspects of politics, society, and public opinion in Russia today.

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