Manufactures have paid a great deal of effort to obtain agility in their manufacturing to avoid losing commercial opportunities. To solve these problems, several methodologies for production planning and operating manufacturing systems have been proposed. Additionally, although variety of lot sizing methods has been proposed, most of their objective functions are based on time and quantity criteria. However, the most important criterion is varied dynamically in real manufacturing environment. Product cost is calculated by integrating results of all activities in production processes, so product cost is treated as a comprehensive criterion to evaluate production performance. In this study, we develop a cost evaluate system and it is implemented on a Distributed Virtual Factory (DVF) to realize rational cost based decision makings. The efficiency of product cost as a criterion is discussed through simulation experiments with DVF.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the possibilities of changing physical education in modern schools through the reinterpretation of Sasaki's “Children in Physical Education”.
The theory of “Physical Education (SHINTAI-NO-KYOUIKU)” includes both the theory of “Physical Activation (KARADAZUKURI)”, which is based on the scientific theory of the Modern Body, and the theory of “Physical Cultivation (KARADASODATE)”, which intend to overcome “discipline” in school physical education. The theory of “Physical Cultivation” couldn't explain the essential relationship between “discipline” and “school physical education” simply because it was based upon the institutional framework of modem schools. Nevertheless, Sasaki's instructional method, which the theory of “Physical Education” had evaluated as a teaching material model in school physical education, was not a “technical practice” under the plan and program, which sought for the effectiveness and productivity of education within the institutional framework of modern schools.
It perceived the “events” that occurred beyond the plan and program with his own “practical wisdom”. It was a “reflective practice” which set up the project in accordance with the individual specific situation, which in turn contributed to form children's fellowships. There lies the possibility of physical education for the “individual body” which modem schools have excluded.

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 In recent years, the actual cooling load of underground stations has been much lower than the cooling load estimated while designing the stations thirty years ago. This is because several conditions related to cooling load have changed. The most significant change is the reduction of train weight and the improvement of train system efficiency, such as power regenerative braking and car cooling systems. As a result of these changes, the heat generated from trains has decreased. Another change is the rise of the underground water level in urban areas of Japan, which affects underground temperature. When the renewal designs of underground stations are considered, it is important to precisely estimate the actual cooling load. The effect of train wind on cooling load is significant. In order to estimate the cooling load taking train wind into account, the volume of train wind and the tunnel air temperature are required.
 In a previous paper, the volume of train wind was discussed. A train was modeled as a moving body in a CFD simulation, to simulate train wind. The CFD simulation could reproduce the measured results when the pressure loss coefficient in the tunnel was identified to compare the train wind of three stations. The CFD simulation results for five stations showed that air volume of the train wind was greatly affected by the train speed and the tunnel structure.
 In this paper, the measured air temperature and humidity of eight tunnels over two years is presented and studied. The characteristics of the measured data are as follows:
 1) The diurnal range of tunnel air temperature is smaller than that of the outside air temperature.
 2) The daily mean humidity ratio in tunnels is almost same as the local meteorological data.
 3) The annual average temperature in tunnels is higher than the local outside temperature because of heat emission from trains. This difference is correlated to the length of the tunnels.
 4) Tunnel air temperature is delayed by approximately 15 days compared to the outside one because of the thermal capacity of the station structure.
 Then, the simple estimation formula Eq. 1 is proposed to predict the tunnel air temperature based on the local outside temperature data, using several parameters.
 T_r(t) = (T_oa + a) + {T_ox(t - t_d) - T_oa}·b  Eq. 1
 T_r(t): Tunnel air temperature [°C]
 T_oa: Annual average outside air temperature [°C]
 a: Parameter related to the annual average temperature difference between the tunnel and outside [°C]
 t: Number of day(s) counted from the beginning of year[day]
 t_d: Time delay [day], T_ox(t): Daily average outside temperature[°C]
 b: Parameter related to the ratio of the annual temperature range between outside and the tunnel
 This paper also shows that the parameters of the formula can be derived from the length of tunnels. The predicted tunnel air temperature is compared with the measured ones and the prediction accuracy is confirmed.

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In this paper, we propose a design method to create new surface material measures with irregular surface topographies for the calibration of surface texture measuring instruments having various measurement principles. We also propose the verification system for the surface measuring instruments using those surface material measures. Basic design factors of the surface material measures for three-dimensional (3D) surface roughness measurement are also discussed to create the software gauge data with irregular surface topographies. The software gauge data with 3D irregular topographies based on the non-causal 2D auto-regressive model are utilized to design the surface material measures. The proposed procedure can create surface structures of surface material measures with periodical irregular surface topographies and specified roughness parameter values. The proposed method has capability to create surface material measures with variable roughness parameters for arbitrary evaluation area.

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　Japanese people are very fond of noodles. They are generally very much interested in quality of food materials and processed foods. This habit leads to improvement of the quality of noodles. "Aging" and "boiling" processes particularly affect the quality of cooked noodles. "Aging" is a process to improve the quality by just leaving dough or raw noodles. The effects of aging include hydration, relaxation, degassing or shrinkage of the dough. The timing and duration of the aging is changed according to the purpose of aging related to the kind of the noodles. White salted noodles are often made smooth and viscous by hydration and relaxation during aging of the dough. Yellow alkaline noodles are often made hard and translucent by degassing and shrinkage during aging of the noodles after cutting into the strands. Moisture gradient inside of the noodles, high at the surface and low at the core, is formed by boiling in the water, and closely related to the texture of cooked noodles. The texture of the noodles is firm when the moisture gradient between the outer layer and the center of the noodles is large. However, this gradient diminishes with standing time after boiling, and the texture of the noodles becomes softer. We found possibility to make noodles which do not soften during standing by controlling the water distribution in the noodle strands. We believe the possibility of further improvement of the quality of noodles and expand of variety of noodles in Japan by the constant efforts and challenges of the industries and consumers from now on.

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