エゾシカの時空間的な行動特性はエゾシカの管理において重要な情報であり，自然植生の多い地域で調べられているが，牧草地など人間が利用する土地の多い地域での知見は多くない。本研究は，エゾシカの日周活動および空間分布の季節変化を明らかにすることを目的として，２０１０年から２０１４年に北海道東部の牧草地と隣接する森林においてカメラトラップ，ライトセンサス，目撃調査を行った。エゾシカの日周活動は日没・日の出の時間帯にピークが認められ，日中の活動性は春季に比べて秋季が低かった。日中の空間分布は，春季と夏季では牧草地に接する林縁で密度が高く，夏季よりも春季で特に高かった。これは，夏季にはエゾシカの利用場所が分散していることを示しているのかもしれない。日没後の空間分布は，春季と秋季に牧草地に接する林縁で密度が高かった。また，エゾシカは自動車の通行などの人間活動を避けるために，交通量の少ない道路が通る牧草地に接する研究林東側の林縁を選択的に利用していると推測された。

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潮汐による水位が変動するアマゾン川河下流低湿地では，地域住民の経済的基盤作物（果実）を生産する天然生アサイー（Euterpe oleracea）以外の樹種を除伐することにより，植生の単一化が急速に進んでいる。しかしながら，水位変動や地形などの立地条件とアサイーの単一化がその生育に与える影響についての知見は少ない。本研究では，アサイーの生育に及ぼす立地の高低差に伴う水位変動と他樹種との混交状況の影響の評価を目的とした。調査は，カソン島で６カ所，ムルチザウ島で５カ所，ジュルアテウア島・ジューバ島で２カ所ずつ毎木調査を実施した。地形の高低差を水位変動による冠水時間との関係に置き換えるために，カソン島の調査区で地形調査を実施し， 年間を通して地上・地下水位を測定した。アサイーの生育が良好な立地は，地盤高が５ m程度で，平均冠水時間が１１０―１２０時間／月と短く，連続非冠水日数が６日／月と長めのため，表層土壌が還元状態になかった。また， ムトゥチー（Pterocarpus sp.），ミリチー（

），ウクウーバ（Virola surinamensis）などとの混交率が高かった。調査地の多くで，生態系保全を考慮したアサイー生産のため，連続非冠水日数が月６日未満の立地を避け，他樹種と平均２０％以上混交させ，アサイー密度を１,０００本／ha程度に管理されていた。

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アマゾン川河口のウルブエウア島における林令 30 年程度のパルゼア林(浸水林)とテラフィルメ林 (陸上乾燥林)を対象に、樹木個体数、種数、地上部現存量、人為、雨期(高水位期) ・乾期(低水位期)における樹幹横断面の導管形状値から両者を比較した。個体数・種数ともにテラフィルメ林が多かった(個体数: 85/400m ²，種数: 22/400m ²) が、パルゼア林では商品作物であるアサイヤシ(ElIterpeoleracea Mart.)の保護育成のための人為の大小によって方形区間で個体数にばらつきが見られた(個体数: 62 ± 19.51) 。林分の樹高階分布にも下層木の伐採の影響が見られた。方形区当たりの地上部現存量の推定値は平均値では両者はほぼ同じ値を示した(パルゼア: 12.43t，テラフィルメ: 11.56t)が、パルゼア林の区間差は大きく (SD: ± 6.02t)、人為が小さければ成長速度が速いことが 示唆された。岡林分の成長季節は、乾期と雨期の導管面積率・導管数・直径・周囲長の比較から、テラフィルメの樹木は雨期依存性であるが、林床を水に覆われるパルゼアの樹木は低水位の乾期に主に成長していることがわかった。

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　ブラジル・パラー州のアマゾン川河下流低湿地では、地域住民の経済的基盤作物（果実）を生産する天然生アサイー（Euterpe oleracea）以外の樹種を除伐することにより、植生の単一化が急速に進んでいる。一方、水位変動や地形などの立地条件がアサイーの生育に与える影響についての知見は少なく、アサイー生産の量や質の持続性が危ぶまれている。本研究では、浸水時の冠水高が異なるアサイー生産地に調査区画（20m×20m）を設置し、混生樹種の同定と樹高測定を行い、同時に塩ビ管を設置し、地上・地下水位を測定し、Barcarena市Vila do Conde港の潮汐表と照合した。
　10月～11月にかけては、大潮時の潮位上昇に伴い地上水位（冠水高）が上昇し、11月～12月にかけては、潮位低下に伴い地上水位が低下した。冠水の深い調査区画に比べ、浅いか中位の区画では、ミリチーヤシ（

Mauritia

）（株元の髭根にリターが堆積し、作物の生育に適した肥沃で水はけの良いマウントを形成する）や木本数が多く、アサイーの生育も良好であった。生態系保全を考慮しアサイーを持続的に生産するためには、冠水が浅いか中位の立地が適していることが示唆された。

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Land use patterns in Amazonia are undergoing major changes as a result of both internal and external factors. The region is experiencing rapid demographic growth. Concurrently, social, economic, and political events beyond the region are restructuring local patterns. Instead of an expected intensification in land uses, the trend is toward an extensive form of land management. The present study focuses on the processes and patterns of agricultural disintensification by examining on the past and current farming practices in the estuarine floodplain near Belem, Para state, Brazil. Prior to the mid-1970s, sugar cane, cultivated on the tidal lowlands under the short fallow-swidden system, served as the main cash-earning product. Following the swift demise of sugar cane farming as a result of several factors, e. g., improvements in transportation and communications, agricultural subsidies, modernization of labor legislation, and rapid urban growth, the fruit of the acai (Euterpe oleracea) palm became the dominant crop. The palm, cultivated in agroforests or managed in the fallows, is far less demanding on labor, while economically more rewarding than sugar cane. Cared as a permanent crop, land use is less intensive and ecologically more sound than sugar cane cultivation. This example from Amazonia contributes to the ongoing discussions on land use dynamics, and it also serves to indicate that there are no unilinear directions in land use changes.

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The seeds of jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schneider] contain a unique oil known as jojoba oil. It mainly consists of liquid wax monoesters with structures similar to human sebum wax and is popular as a cosmetic ingredient. We previously observed that the oxidative stability and antioxidant activity of crude jojoba oil are higher than those of many other vegetable oils. In this study, these two parameters were determined and compared among crude jojoba oils from different companies, countries, and years of production, together with deodorized or refined oils. Oxidative stability and antioxidant activity vary among crude oils, and there was a negligible correlation between these two parameters. Both deodorized and refined oils showed lower antioxidant activities than crude oils. In addition to wax esters, triglycerides and squalene are other major oil components of human sebum. To compare the autooxidation of jojoba oil (wax ester), olive oil (triglyceride), and squalene, we measured their acid, peroxide, and carbonyl values after heat treatment at 60°C for 60 d. The acid value did not change in jojoba oil but increased in the other ones. In addition, the peroxide and carbonyl values were the lowest in jojoba oil following heat treatment. These results suggest that jojoba oil was the most stable in terms of autooxidation among these three investigated oils. Finally, we determined the cytotoxicity of olive and jojoba oils in human epidermal cells, and concluded that they were non-toxic after heating at 60°C for 30 or 60 d.

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One of main factors identified as explaining forest loss and degradation in the Selva (the Peruvian Amazon) is the migration of people from the Sierra (Andes highlands), where agricultural conditions are severe, to forest areas in the Selva in search of new land. This paper aims at clarifying the characteristics and process of migration based on interviews with local people near Pucallpa, Ucayali Department, where forest loss and degradation has advanced in recent decades. In the study area, forest loss and degradation progressed by commercial logging after construction of a road connecting between Lima and Pucallpa in 1943. After logging, stock-farming companies and immigrants entered the area, and land uses other than high forest have been expanding. Today, the study area is occupied by people who have immigrated since the 1960s. Many of them earned income by logging until the 1980s, while today almost of them make a livelihood by agriculture, stock farming, or tree planting. As a result of these economic activities, there are substantial areas of mixed shrubs and grass in the study area today. This paper clarifies two points. First, the majority of immigrants were born not in the Sierra, but in the Selva, for instance as part of the expanding population in the Departments of San Martin and Amazonas. The main stream of migration is from parts of the Selva where immigrants had started reclamation in earlier days to other parts of the Selva with still abundant forests (such as the study area). Second, most migrants were not born in a rural area, but in Pucallpa, a developing urban area in the Selva. Pucallpa is also an important place for step migrants who stayed there for a while and worked temporarily before immigrating to the study area. The urban area has gained an important role in migration to forests in the Selva as a place of birth of migrants and for its function in step migration.

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Micrometeorological measurements were carried out at the surface of a seasonally-inundated floodplain (várzea) and a non-flooded bare land (terra firme) along the Solimões River in central Amazonia. The soil water content at a depth of 10 cm was as high as 0.47 m³ ·m^-3 (47%), and that at 30 cm was also as high as 0.65 m³ ·m^-3 (65%) at the várzea. The latent heat flux at the terra firme was about 50% of the net radiation, while that at the várzea was 60-80%. The daily evaporation averaged 2.64 ± 4.56 mm·day-1 at the terra firme, while at the várzea it was 3.12 ± 6.00 mm·day^-1 , with the standard deviation being larger because of high evaporation in daytime and condensation in nighttime. The várzea is in a special environment where phase changes of water between air and liquid easily occur. In the future, it is expected to expand short-term cultivation of crops which is suitable in conditions of high solar radiation and soil moisture.

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Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis [Link] Schneider) is a shrub mainly cultivated in subtropical arid countries. Its seeds produce a unique oil, called jojoba oil, that consists of liquid wax monoesters similar in structure to the wax component of human sebum. Jojoba oil is well known as a skin moisturizer. To examine the potentials of jojoba as a crop in a subtropical arid country, we established a 4.2 ha experimental jojoba farm in Egypt in 2017. After two years’ cultivation, the first seeds were harvested in 2019. To elucidate the properties of crude jojoba oil extracted from them, oxidative stability and antioxidant activity, both of which are significant properties for natural oils, were compared with other oils. We observed that crude jojoba oil had higher oxidative stability and antioxidant activity than over two-thirds of the other oils. Although refined jojoba oil exhibited the highest oxidative stability among all oils, its antioxidant activity was poor, unlike the crude type, suggesting that the latter oil is suitable for cosmetic use because it has both good oxidative stability and antioxidant activity. These properties are also useful for other applications such as industrial lubrication, suggesting that jojoba is a promising fruit crop in subtropical arid countries, which will also contribute to economically-sustainable desert greening.

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The peach palm cultivated for the industrial canning of heart-of-palm has different portions whose utilization can be maximized. The aim of this work was to evaluate the composition and structure of all portions of peach palm rod and to investigate the possible utilization of the by-products for flours processing. The central edible portion had the highest content of protein, fat, starch and the lowest level of dietary fiber. The highest content of oxalic acid was found in the shell. The tissue is formed by fibrous elements, xylem and phloem vessels, amiloplasts and calcium oxalates in druses and raphides. Although the oxidative enzymes of by-products were inactivated during drying at 90°C for 36 h, the color parameter indicated that the flours should be dried at 60°C. The median sheath flour had a lower content of oxalic acid and tannins than the stem flour, but similar content of phytic acid.

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In this study, the effect of altitude on oil amounts, antioxidant activity, polyphenol content and mineral contents of Acacia seeds collected from two different locations (up to 1100 m above sea level) was investigated. Total carotenoid and flavonoid contents of Acacia seeds were detected as 0.76 (Konya) and 1.06 µg/g (Taşucu-Mersin) to 1343.60 (Konya) and 184.53 mg/100 g (Taşucu-Mersin), respectively. Total phenol contents and antioxidant activity values of Acacia seeds were identified as 255.11 (Konya) and 190.00 mgGAE/Taşucu-Mersin) to 64.18% (Konya) and 75.21% (Taşucu-Mersin), respectively. The oils extracted from Acacia seeds in Konya and Mersin province contained 62.70% and 70.39% linoleic, 23.41% and 16.03% oleic, 6.45%and 6.04% palmitic and 2.93% and 4.94% stearic acids, respectively. While 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid amounts of seeds are determined as 3.89 (Konya) and 4.83 mg/100 g (Taşucu-Mersin), (+)-catechin contents of Acacia seeds were identified as 3.42 (Konya) and 9.51 mg/100 g (Taşucu-Mersin). Also, rutintrihydrate and ferulic contents of Acacia seeds were found as 23.37 (Konya) and 11.87 mg/100 g (Taşucu-Mersin) to 14.74 mg/100 g (Konya) and 1.12 mg/100 g (Taşucu-Mersin), respectively. Acacia seeds collected from Konya and Mersin contained 4003.75 and 3540.89 mg/kg P, 9819.12 and 16175.69 mg/kg K, 4347.47 and 5078.81 mg/kg P, 2195.77 and 2317.90 mg/kg Mg, 1015.75 and 2665.60 mg/kg S and 187.53 and 905.52 mg/kg Na, respectively.

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Findings from a survey on sources of income and land allocation outcomes of 578 households from 26 communities with diverse ethnic composition at distinct environmental settings in Ucayali (Peruvian Amazon) are used to contrast livelihood strategies featuring high forest and high agriculture dependency, examining whether agricultural intensification can be linked to lower deforestation. A typology of households based on their land use allocation profile was used to assess current and cumulative cleared land. Recently cleared areas by households oriented to perennials, semi-perennials and pastures were similar to those focusing on annual crops. Multiple class comparisons provided evidence that land use intensification is not associated to land sparing. Near 40% of the households’ annual income was derived from forests, followed by agriculture (25%), wages (17%) and livestock (11%). Income structure was used to determine high dependency on forests and on agriculture, featured by respectively 24% and 17% of the households, while 10% relied mostly on wages and/or businesses and half of them had a balanced income structure. Results indicate different expressions of the criticality of forest products, highlighting livelihood strategies based on the integration of income sources. Moreover, the study shows that despite the relevance of forest products, mestizo and indigenous livelihoods heavily depend on agriculture. Policy interventions aimed at environmental conservation and economic development will only be successful when strengthening the integration between agriculture and forest use featured by different social groups in the Amazon.

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This study uses two separate surveys to reveal the mean willingness to pay (WTP) for different attributes of Internet of Vehicles (IoV). It uses conjoint analysis for the first survey with 437 respondents to find the most important attribute among seven attributes of IoV. It uses the contingent value method (CVM) for second survey to reveal the mean WTP of the main attributes from the first survey. The estimated method used is the binomial logit model. The result shows significant concern among people in China about security and willingness to pay an additional CNY 1000 for an IoV product with advanced security features, when other attributes are constant. These results can guide manufacturers in managing technology investments and cost saving targets.

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Two hydroquinone derivatives were prepared and their antimicrobial activity evaluated. Their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using a broth dilution method. Gentamycin and ciprofloxacin were used as reference antibiotics. The antimicrobial activity of 4-(benzyloxy)phenol (monobenzone) was also evaluated based on its structural similarity to the new compounds; activity was comparable to that of 3,5-dimethyl-4-((4-nitrobenzyl)oxy)phenol (4a). 2,3,5-Trimethyl-4-((4-nitrobenzyl)oxy)phenol (4b) exhibited the best antibacterial activity against both clinical isolates and type strain of Moraxella catarrhalis (M. catarrhalis), with a MIC value of 11 µM, comparable to ciprofloxacin 9 µM.

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Yaowang tea, the leaves and flowers of Potentilla glabra Lodd. (family Rosaceae), has been used for a long time to prevent and mitigate hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes and so on. According to this research, twelve flavonoids were isolated and all the flavonoids were obtained for the first time in P. glabra. The different polar portions (petroleum ether portion, ethyl acetate portion, n-butanol portion and water portion) and six flavonoids from P. glabra were screened, and their antioxidant abilities were measured by DPPH and FRAP assays. Six tested flavonoids showed significant free radical scavenging capacity in the DPPH assay and total antioxidant activity in the FRAP assay compared with Vitamin C (Vc). This work provides an understanding for the flavonoids of P. glabra and lays the foundation for the future research.

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Sacha inchi seed oil is a food matrix rich in bioactive constituents, mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids. In this study, the characteristics of color, carotenoid content, tocopherols, and volatile aroma compounds in eight sacha inchi seed (Plukenetia volubilis L.) oil accessions were evaluated. Results showed that the oil obtained from the accessions presented a lightness and chroma of 91 to 98 units and 6 to 10 units respectively, while the hue angle ranged between 93 to 97 units. The total carotenoid content in the different accessions ranged from 0.6 to 1.5 mg/kg, while γ- and δ-tocopherol ranged from 861.6 to 1142 mg/kg and 587 to 717.1 mg/kg. In addition, the total content of tocopherols varied between 1450 and 1856 mg/kg and the δ/γ ratio ranged between 0.58 and 0.70. The oils from the accessions PER000408 (861 µg/kg) and PER000411 (896 µg/kg) were those with the higher volatile concentration, especially 1-hepten-3-ol, 2-nonanol, (E)-3-hexen- 1-ol, (E)-2-hexenal, and 1-hexanol. In this study, the variability of the oil obtained from 8 accessions were observed, from which promising accessions can be selected for continuous investigations of the new sacha inchi seed genotypes.

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In recent years, scientists and technologists have become increasingly interested in producing modified lipids with enhanced nutritional and functional properties. The application and functional properties of fats and oil depend on the composition and structure of triacylglycerols (TAG). As a result, lipid TAG changes can be used to synthesize tailored lipids with a broader range of applications. However, no natural edible oil is available with appropriate dietary and functional properties to meet the human recommended dietary allowances (RDA). On the other hand, the arising health concern is the transfat consumption produced during the chemical modification of vegetable oil through the partial hydrogenation process. Therefore, innovative technologies are shifting toward modifying fat and oil to improve their functionality. Enzymatic interesterification (EIE) is one of the emerging and novel technology to modify the technological traits of naturally available edible oil. It helps in modifying physicochemical, functional, oxidative, and nutritional characteristics of fats and oil due to the rearrangement of the fatty acid positions in the glycerol backbone after interesterification. Enzymatic interesterification utilizes lipase as a biocatalyst with specificity and selectivity to produce desired lipids. Alternation in the molecular structure of triacylglycerol results in changes in melting/dropping point, thermal properties, crystallization behavior, solid fat content, and oxidative stability. Because of its high acyl exchange reaction efficiency, simple reaction process, flexibility, eco-friendly, and generation of fewer by-products, (EIE) is gaining more attention as a substitute lipid modification approach. This review paper discusses the uses of EIE in developing modified fat with desirable physicochemical and nutritional properties. EIE is one of the potential techniques to modify vegetable oil’s physicochemical, functional, and nutritional characteristics without producing any undesirable reaction products. EIE produces different modified lipids such as trans fat-free margarine, plastic fat, bakery, confectionery fat, therapeutic oil, infant food, cocoa butter substitute, and equivalent.

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本稿は,ペルー・アマゾンの氾濫原を生活空間としたメスチソの自給的生活様式を,文化生態論的視点から検討したものである。河川を中心とする経済は,土着的な資源利用の技術に基づいており,河川水の水平的および垂直的な運動によって生じる多様なバイオトープを,体系的に利用するものである。河岸に居住するメスチソの自給的生活様式を説明するために,DENEVANが提出した,農業の水平的地帯分化のモデルを用いた。住民の食料および衣料にかかわる需要の大部分は,農耕によって満される。混植型の焼畑移動耕作と,多品種永久畑耕作の二つの農耕システムが存在する。前者は,洪水に見舞われることのない堤防上で行われるが,後者は,毎年増水期に水没する土地で見られる。農耕以外には,食料と市場に出す財を得るための重要な補足的な生業として,採集,漁〓,狩猟が行われている。こうした伝統的な生業技術嫉・市場経済に対して適応力を示してきており,この点で,アマゾソ開発には潜在的な価値を持ち得るものであろう。氾濫原の土壌では,河川の氾濫によって,植物のための栄養物質が周期的に供給されるため,収穫の持続した農業と,余剰食料の生産が可能である。また,多様なバイオトープを利用する農業は,家族農業に適している。したがって,とくに農業の生産性が低く,人口の稠密な地域から,多数の人口を受け入れる潜在力が存在する。大規模な農業開発行為によって,著しい環境破壊が生じている河間地帯に比較して,氾濫原の環境は,集約的で継続的な利用に,より大きな可能性を有するのである。

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熱帯泥炭湿地林は東南アジア、中南米、アフリカの低緯度地域にみられる森林である。その内訳はインドネシアでもっとも多く、全体の47％を占める。定期的、もしくは季節的な冠水によって落葉落枝の分解が抑制されることにより、林床に厚く泥炭と呼ばれる未分解の有機物が蓄積されており、貧栄養かつ低pHという特徴で知られている。泥炭湿地林には固有種や希少種が多くみられると同時に、その過酷な環境に適応した特殊な構造や機能を持つ植物が多くみられる。また、種組成や種特性は泥炭の深さやピートドーム内の場所によって大きく異なる。泥炭は15 mの深さに達することもあるため、泥炭湿地林は巨大な炭素と水の貯蔵庫という意味でもこれまで重要な役割を果たしてきた。このように、泥炭湿地林は、気候条件・水文環境や、泥炭、水、植生のあいだの微妙なバランスの下、長い年月をかけて成立し維持されてきた。人為的な撹乱がこのバランスに与える影響は著しく、その意味で泥炭湿地林は他の生態系よりも脆弱であるといえる。 　泥炭湿地林の環境は農業や様々な土地利用には不向きであるため、これまで長年の間、開発の手を免れてきた。しかし、東南アジア地域では、1980年代頃より泥炭湿地林の排水をともなう大規模な農地開発等により急速にその面積の減少や森林の劣化が進み、正常な生態系機能は急速に失われつつある。泥炭湿地林の排水によって開発が行われる際には、これまで維持されてきたバランスが大きくくずれ、泥炭の分解や地中火、人為火災延焼による大気中への温室効果ガスの放出やこれに付随する地盤沈下が生じる。さらに火災による煙害は地域社会のみならず近隣諸国にも影響を与える国際的な環境問題となっている。大規模な排水、および火災の被害を受けた泥炭湿地林ではその回復は非常に難しい。さらにインドネシアでは、土地開発と経済発展、土地所有権や移民問題など様々な問題が複雑に絡み合う状況が泥炭湿地林の保全や回復を一層困難にしている。そこで本稿では、東南アジア地域の熱帯泥炭湿地林に焦点を当て、人為的撹乱が泥炭湿地林に与える影響とその回復の可能性、そして泥炭湿地林の将来について議論する。

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