A new primer for tooth-bonding was developed.This primer consists of phytic acid (), which acts as both etchant and chelating agent, and SnF₂ as a source of metallic ion. First, human teeth are treated with 7% aqueous solution of and then with 3% aqueous solution of SnF₂.It is expected that Sn²⁺is fixed on the tooth surface by chelation with in this 2-step treatment, and then some interactions between phosphoric or carboxylic acid groups of functional monomers or polycarboxylic acid contained in cements and Sn²⁺contribute to bonding of cements to the teeth at cementing.
In order to confirm this hypothesis, this primer was applied to bonding of 4 adhesive resin and one glass ionomer cements to human dentin.The treatment effects were compared with those of the conditioner (control) attached to each product.
The following results were obtained:
1.The early shear bond strength (after 24 hours in an atomosphere of 100% RH at 37°C) obtained from specimens treated with -SnF₂ primer was equal to or higher than that of the controls in all cements examined.For Panavia 21, Imperva Dual/Bond and Fuji Bond, there were statistically significant differences between treatments with -SnF₂ primer and the attached conditioners.
2.After 5, 000 thermocycles, the shear bond strength to dentin treated with -SnF₂ primer was equal to or higher than that of the controls.For both treatments, however, the shear bond strength decreased significantly in comparison with that in early stage except for Panavia 21 with both treatments and Bistite Resin Cement with -SnF₂.
3. It is suggested that -SnF₂ primer effectively bonds both adhesive resin and glass ionomer cements to dentin and provides durable bonding.

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　歯質接着のための金属イオンによる歯面改善をキレート化剤と金属イオンによる歯面処理から研究した.キレート化剤としてフィチン酸()を, 金属イオンの供給源としてフッ化第一錫(SnF₂)を使用した.これらの処理効果を牛歯象牙質およびエナメル質へのPhoto Bond^®の剪断接着強さから評価した.
　3〜10%の溶液で処理後, SnF₂の飽和溶液で処理した象牙質に対する接着強さは, 9〜10 MPaの範囲であった.これらの値は, K-etchant^®(40%リン酸)で処理された象牙質に対する接着強さと同等であったが, 溶液処理のみの象牙質に対する接着強さ(6〜7 MPa)に比較して高かった.5および7%溶液で処理後, SnF₂溶液で処理したエナメル質に対する接着強さは, それぞれ16, 18 MPaであった.これらの値は, K-etchantで処理したエナメル質に対する接着強さ(14 MPa)および溶液処理のみのエナメル質に対する接着強さ(11 MPa)に比較して高かった.これら溶液とSnF₂溶液で処理された象牙質およびエナメル質に対する接着強さは, 3, 000回のサーマルサイクル(4-60℃)後も維持されていた.溶液とSnF₂溶液で処理された象牙質の表面には, とSn²⁺のキレート化合物と思われる無数の球状沈着物が観察された.これらの結果は, Photo Bondに含有されるMDPモノマーとSn²⁺との間の相互作用が接着に寄与していることを示唆しているように思われる.

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It is well known that the endocrine imbalance in diabetes mellitus causes metabolic disturbances not only of carbohydrate, but also of protein and lipids. However, in the treatment of diabetic patients, the importance of hyperglycemia and glycosuria as therapeutic guide has been too much emphasized, so that other metabolic abnormalities have often been neglected.
In order to control these patients more satisfactorily, the metabolism of α-keto acids and the activity to acetylate para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) were studied in patients with diabetes mellitus before, during and after various types of treatment. These results were also compared with those in alloxanized animals.
The therapeutic significance of these metabolic abnormalities were also discussed.
Metabolism of α-keto acids in patients with diabetes mellitus.
1) The ratio of the increase of urinary pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate in the 1st resp. 2nd hour following fructose administration to that in the fasting state was significantly higher in diabetics than in normals.
2) These abnormalities were more marked in cases complicated with hypertension or arteriosclerosis than in those without these complications.
3) Positive correlation was found between fasting blood sugar level and the ratio of urinary α-keto acids in the 2nd hour following fructose administration.

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1) The acetylation in alloxan diabetic rats was decreased markedly in comparison with that in normal rats and was improved by insulin to normal level. The treatment with cocarboxylase and pantothenic acid was also effective to certain extent.
2) The oxidation of pyruvate and acetate in liver homogenate of alloxan diabetic was dacreased remarkably in comparison with that of normal rats and was improved to some extent by the treatment using cocarboxylase, pantothenic acid or insulin.
3) Sulfonylureas, inhibited the acetylation in vivo and in vitro, the oxidation of pyruvate and acetate.

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It is well known that fructose and galactose are easily converted to glucose in the body. Various foods contain fructose and galactose. Therefore, it may be important, from the nutritional standpoint, to evaluate the ability of diabetics to utilize fructose and galactose. Present study dealt with the utilization of fructose and galactose in patients with diabetes mellitus and relation between the utilization of these sugars and the types of disease, age and complication of patients. The results were as follows.
(1) Diabetics showed enhanced interconversion from fructose to glucose and disturbance in the utilization of galactose.
(2) Disturbance of galactose utilization was more marked in patients with severe diabetes mellitus.
(3) The conversion of fructose to glucose was more marked in thin patients and younger patients.
(4) Disturbance of glactose utilization was more marked in older patients and in those with complications.
(5) The elevation of blood pyruvate level following the administration of fructose or galactose was found to be almost the same in diabetics as in normals. However, the rise in blood pyruvate level persisted longer in diabetics than in normal adults.

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This basic study was conducted in order to introduce the subcutaneous inoculation method devised by the authors and Chang's intraperitoneal method. Various therapeutic agents were tested by the two methods. The screening tests by intravenous, corneal, subdural, intraperitoneal and other inoculation methods used by other investigators are discussed. The value of the method of subcutaneous inoculation of dilute emulsion of the authors and the method of intraperitoneal inoculation of concentrated emulsion of Chang is discussed from the standpoint of time relation, technique, trustworthiness, quantitative relationship and reproducibility.
The observations are summarized here.
1) The time required for evaluation is the same with either method but by using a 10-3 emulsion in the subcutaneous inoculation method, it is possible to shorten the time.
2) With the subcutaneous inoculation method, evaluation is limited to a single point, the site of inoculation, and as measurement can be made accurately with a gauge, the technique is simple and accurate.
3) The subcutaneous inoculation method revealed the limits of the onset inhibiting action of known agents as INAH, SM and DDS with both the dilute and concentrated emulsions. It is believed that this finding is sufficient evidence for trussing the accuracy of the evaluations.
4) For screening very small quantities of synthetic or extracted samples, subcutaneous inoculation of 0.2 ml of 10-4 emulsion is more appropriate than the intraperitoneal inoculation method.
5) Reproducibility is more accurate with the subcutaneous inoculation method which is technically simpler and evaluation is more objective and accurate compared with the intraperitoneal inoculation method.

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1) Insulin had remarkable effect for the improvement of both blood sugar level and oxidative metabolism of carbohydrate.
2) Sulfonylureas were found to be effective for the improvement of fasting blood sugar level, although there were less effective for the improvement of oxidative metabolism of carbohydrate.
3) Cocarboxylase and pantothenic acid improved the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrate and were considered effective as supplementary treatment.

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