1. The chromosome numbers of 64 species have been studied on which 56 are investigated for the first time.
. Morphological, anatomical and cytological findings on the Musaceae in the broad sense are considered from a phylogenetical standpoint and three distinct groups:
a) Musa-Ensete, ) Ravenala-Strelitzia-Phenakospermum and ) Holiconia are recognised as suggested by some authors. For these groups sub-familial status is proposed.
. Lowiaceae have been studied for the first time cytologically and their chromosome morphology, distinct from that of any other group of Zingiberales, confirms their claim to familial status.
4. Consideration of the conflicting theories proposed to account for the higher chromosome number in genera like Globba, Alpinia, and Phaemeria, etc. leads to rejection of Chakravorti's hypothesis of wholesale fragmentation of chromosomes and the acceptance of the opposed view of Raghavan and Venkatasubban and others.
5. Holttum's transference of the genus Zingiber to the tribe Hedychieae has been given cytological support on the following points:
a) the basic number in the genus Zingiber correlates with that of Kaempferia.
) the new tribe Alpinieae (which is infact Zingibereae without Zingiber) have consistently 48 chromosomes in their somatic complements.
6. It is suggested that the African representatives of Kaempferia should be given the status of genus; Cienkowskya on the following points:
a) the difference in floral morphology
) geographical separateness and
) the difference in the number and morphology of the chromosomes. By comparing the present and past findings, various lines of evolution of the chromosome complements within each group are discussed.
. The basic number 11 is considered to be probably the original one for the Zingiberales as a whole, being present in Ravenala which is the most primitive member in the order. From this secondary basic numbers have arisen through evolution.

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Failure problems of saturated soils are classified in the present study into the following four types : Type I : The failure of loose and/or normally consolidated soils under fully drained loading conditions. Type II : The same soils but under perfectly undrained conditions. Type III : The failure of dense and/or overconsolidated soils under fully drained conditions. Type IV : The same soils but under perfectly undrained conditions. The soil-water coupling limiting equilibrium analysis on the basis of the critical state concept is shown possible to draw a distinction between type I, II and IV problems, and the limitations of the analysis procedure happen in solving the type problem in the above. This is demonstrated experimentally, in which seepage failure experiments in laboratory with the use of a saturated silty sand are employed to make distinctions clearly between the four types of failure problems. The definite distinctions both in failure load and failure mode appeared in the four types of experiments are summarized as follows : (1) the smallest failure load in loose sand in the undrained condition, () the largest failure load with the largest failure region in dense sand under undrained loading, () the observation of no global deformation before failure within the soil under the fully drained condition that suggests the development of very localized shear deformation in the sand. Three out of four experiments are described well by the limit analysis computation mentioned above as far as the failure load and the shape and the size of the failure region after boiling failure are concerned, and thus the type III problem is identified to be the problem that should be solved by any other means in near future.

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Background

The differences in conditions of enteric-coated acid-labile drug release and absorption between healthy subjects in bioequivalence studies and gastrointestinal patients in clinical practice can lead to significant differences in gastric stability of original PPIs and generics. Thus, pathologic duodenogastric reflux (PDGR) and the pH increasing within PPIs administration still remain unaccounted for.

Methods

Two-stage modified comparative dissolution testing of original omeprazole (OO) and four generics (G1;

;;4) was performed. At first, we moved drugs from solution with pH 1. (1.±0.05) to pH .0 (.0±0.05) and measure concentration of omeprazole in solution by high-performance liquid chromatography. According to our self-developed formula, pH exposure time of resistance to PDGR for omeprazole is 4 minutes, i.. the active substance should not be released within 4 minutes at pH . The exposure at the second stage was conducted with pH 4 (4.0±0.05), that imitated gastric pH after PPI administration. And then we also moved drugs to pH with the subsequent measurement of omeprazole concentration.

Results

Omeprazole concentrations after 4, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60 minutes in pH

solution at the first stage were different for OO and generics. For OO, these values were 4,±0,%; 41,4±,0%; 62,8±4,0%; 79,5±,%; ,5±,%; 81,6±,%; 80,6±4,4%; for Generic1 - 0; 49,±,%; 88,8 ±,8%; 90,4±,%; 88, ±,%; 87,±,0%; 85,±1,1%; for Generic - 0; 30,6±6,%; 66,±8,%; 76,4±,4%; ,8±5,%; 86,0±,%; 84,6±,%: for Generic - 80,8±,6%; ,5±1,%; , 8±,%; ,±,%; 81,±,1%; ,1±,0%; ,0±,4%; for Generic4 - ,5±1,%; 84,4±0,8%; 84,±1,%; , ±0,%; ,±0,%; ,±0,%; ,8±1,1%, respectively.

An analysis of the omeprazole concentration in pH

solution at the second stage revealed the following parameters after the same time: for OO - 4,4±0,6%; 40, 5±,0%; 62,8±,0%; 80,0±,1%; 85,4±,%; ,8±,4%; 80,±,5%; for Generic1 - 0; 67,0±,8%; 89,±,%; 91, ±4,%; 89,1±1,6%; 88,±1,4%; 87,8±1,%; for Generic - 0; 42,±5,6%; 75,1±,%; 81,0±6,0%; 88,4±,%; 88, 6±1,%; 87,±1,0%; for Generic4 - 85,5±0,5%; 85,6±0,5%; 84,±0,%; ,±,0%; 84,4±0,%; 84,4±0,%; 84,±0,4%, respectively. Generic release and degradation were completely realized at pH 4.

Conclusion

Decreased gastric stability of Generic

and Generic4 makes PDGR and inhibited gastric acid secretion due to PPIs administration the potential causes of decreased enteric-coated acid-labile drugs stability.

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We screened the differentiation-inducing activities of 39 mushroom extracts from Akita prefecture, Japan, on the mouse osteoblastic cell line, MCT-1. Sixteen phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 8 boiled PBS, 14 ethanol and 12 methanol extracts induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, an indicator of MCT-1 cell differentiation. The enzyme activities were markedly induced by extracts of Tricholoma auratum, and we isolated the active compound from methanol extracts of this mushroom. Physical data for the isolated active compound were identical to those for (,24R)-ergosta-,-diene-,5α,6β-triol (1). 1 induced ALP activities of MCT-1 cells and promoted cell proliferation. To investigate the relationships between the chemical structure and differentiation-inducing activity of the compound, ALP-inducing activities of MCT-1 cells by 1, ergosterol (), ergocalciferol (), cholesta-,5α,6β-triol (4), -dehydrocholesterol (5) and cholecalciferol (6) were tested. The enzyme activities of MCT-1 cells were increased .0-fold by 10 μM 1 and .4-fold by 10 μM 4. However, , , 5 and 6 did not induce MCT-1 cell ALP activity at 0.1—10 μM. These results suggested that the OH groups at -5 and/or -6 of 1 and 4 played an important role in their differentiation-inducing activities on MCT-1 cells. Furthermore, 1 suppressed induction of MCT-1 cell apoptosis by serum starvation.

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(6,)-,-エポキシ-,,11,11-テトラメチルシクロウンデカ-6,-ジエン()をフムレン1((,6,)-,,11,11-テトラメチルシクロウンデカ-,6,-トリエン)より合成する既知の合成法は実際に牧率が低く合成的に問題がある.さらに,の合成はその反応性や物性の研究のために簡単に高牧率で行われることが望まれる.今回,の新たな合成法と簡便な精製法を見いだし,を高牧率で1から合成することができたので報告する.1のジエポキシ化,続く再結晶により得られたジエポキシド(8)は二価のチタンにより還元されて,1(273%)と8(25%)と少量のを含むを主生成物(42.%)として与えた.1とは原料として再利用できる.の精製は1と同様硝酸銀()錯体の結晶で行い,純粋なは1から通算牧率32.0%で得られた.の既知方法による合成は4段階の反応と数回のカラム分離及び10%含浸シリカゲルカラム分離を必要とし牧率が極端に低い.今回,新しいの合成法は段階の反応で1回のカラム分離と再結晶により高い通算牧率を示す.

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L'entree en Iran des armees britannique et sovietique s'est produite en aout 1941. Elle ebranla du coup le regime de la dynastie pahlavi qui etait au pouvoir depuis 16 ans, et mena le pays vers l'instabilite politique et le chaos social. La defaite de l'arme gouvernementale, qui etait le pivot du regime de Reza Shah, reduisit considerablement le controle du gouvernement central dans le pays. Cette situation politico-sociale confuse permit le developpement de differents mouvements politiques en Iran. ainsi que le 16 aout 1942 le parti clandestin Komeley Jiyanewey Kurdistan (J-K) est ne a Mehabad, une ville au nord-ouest de l' Iran. Des sa formation, ce parti a su etendre sa sphere d'activite et, en une courte periode de temps, a fini par mettre sous son influence la ville et ses alentours. A la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en ete 1945, le J-K etait devenu une organisation representant le mouvement nationaliste kurde en Iran. a ce moment-la qu'un autre parti politique, le Hizbi Dimokratiki Kurdistan (HDK), fonde par Qazi Mihemed a Mehabad aussi, devait remplacer le J-K. Des le janvier 1946, le HDK proclama l'instauration de la≪Republique de Kurdistan≫. Cependant, les troupes sovietiques qui avaient pris sous leur protection la Republique evacuerent les terres iraniennes, en mai 1946. Six mois plus tard, sous la pression militaire du gouvernement central iranien, la republique s'ecroula. Deux theories tentent d'expliquer le passage du J-K au HDK. William Eagleton Jr., par exemple, affirme dans The Kurdish Republic of 1946 que le HDK a ete cree sur le conseil des autorites sovietiques. L'ex-secretaire general du Parti Democratique du Kurdistan d'Iran, 'Ebd el-Rehman Qasimlu maintient par contre que Qazi Mihemed a etabli le nouveau parti de sa propre initiative, eu regard a la situation politique de cette epoque-la. Il considere que la passage du J-K au HDK comme etant l'evolution d'un parti nationaliste clandestin en un parti democratique. En analysant ces deux theories et en se basant sur les autobiographies des personages qui se sont engages dans cet evenement, cette etude tentera d'examiner le principe directeur et les activites du J-K et de mieux comprendre les raisons pour lesquelles le J-K devait etre remplace par le HDK. La conclusion generale portera sur les differents objectifs politiques du J-K et du HDK. Le J-K visait l'elevation du niveau culturel du peuple tout en luttant contre le tribalisme, qui etait, selon lui, le probleme majeur de≪la nation kurde≫, et cela en ecartant toute idee de revolte militaire. Le J-K a aussi exclu de son cadre les elites sociales telles que les leaders des tribus et dirigeants religieux de peur qu'ils n'excercent une influence sur les membres du parti. L'automne de 1944 fut le debut d'une nouvelle ere pour le mouvement kurde. Alors que l'espoir de l'autodetermination augmentait parmi le peuple a mesure que s'approchait la fin de la guerre, la necessite de la force militaire a commence a se faire sentir dans le J-K. pour cela que s'est produite au sein du parti une tendance a compter sur l'aide militaire des sovietiques et a recourir au leadership de Qazi Mihemed, qui avait une certaine influence meme sur les leaders tribaux. Mais cette tendance etait essentiellement incompatible avec la ligne fondamentale du J-K et, graduellement, a prive ce parti de sa raison d'etre. Ainsi, le HDK se substitua au J-K en tant que≪parti democratique≫visant a rallier d'abord les elites sociales sous sa banniere, en s'appuyant sur l'autorite personnelle de Qazi Mihemed.

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Activity-directed isolation of the ethyl acetate, methylene chloride and n-hexane fractions of Gloiopeltis furcata resulted in the isolation of 18 compounds. Their structures were elucidated as -(-hydroxy-5-oxotetrahydrofuran--yl)acetic acid (1), glutaric acid (), succinic acid (), nicotinic acid (4), ()-4-hydroxyhex--enoic acid (5), cholesterol (6), -hydroxycholesterol (), uridine (8), glycerol (), 5-(hydroxymethyl)--methoxybenzene-1,-diol (10), (,)--oxodeca-5,-dienoic acid (11), (Z)--ethylidene-4-methylpyrrolidine-,5-dione (12), dehydrovomifoliol (13), loliolide (14), cholesteryl stearate (15), palmitic acid (16), cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (17) and α-linolenic acid (18) on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidences. Their anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities were evaluated via inhibitory activities on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) as well as scavenging activities on 1,1-diphenyl--picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻). All isolated compounds (1—18) exhibited moderate AChE inhibitory activities with IC₅₀ values ranging from 1.14—12.50 μg/ml, whereas 1, , , 17, and 18 showed mild BChE inhibitory activities with IC₅₀ values ranging from 5.57—15.89 μg/ml. Although most of the compounds isolated were lacking the scavenging activity on DPPH radical and ONOO⁻, 5 and 10 showed good DPPH radical scavenging activity, and 5, 10, and 16 showed potent ONOO⁻ scavenging activity.

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A biosynthetic pathway for (

)-methyl cinnamate formation was evaluated in Tricholoma matsutake by tracer experiments using

13C

- and

2H

-labeled precursors. One hundred percent selective

13C

incorporation was observed when L-[1,

2

,

3

,4,5,6,

7

,8,

9

-

13C₉

, ^15/N]phenylalanine was converted to (

E

)-[1,

2

,

3

,4,5,6,

7

,8,

9

-

13C₉

]cinnamate and (

E

)-[1,

2

,

3

,4,5,6,

7

,8,

9

-

13C₉

]methyl cinnamate. Similarly, 100% selective

13C

incorporation was observed when (

E

)-[1,

2

,

3

,4,5,6,

7

,8,

9

-

13C₉

]cinnamate was converted to (

E

)-[1,

2

,

3

,4,5,6,

7

,8,

9

-

13C₉

]methyl cinnamate. In contrast, the

2H

incorporation selectivities were

82

.1% and 81.4% when L-[

2

,

3

,4,5,6,

7

,

7

,8-

2H₈

]phenylalanine was converted to (

E

)-[

2

,

3

,4,5,6,

7

,8-

2H₇

]cinnamate and (

E

)-[

2

,

3

,4,5,6,

7

,8-

2H₇

]methyl cinnamate, respectively. Thus, T. matsutake synthesizes (

E

)-methyl cinnamate from L-phenylalanine via (

E

)-cinnamate. (

E

)-cinnamate was likely formed through two pathways: one was major and the other was a minor.

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We observed that (1S,,,,)-,,11,15-Cembratetraen-17,-olide (LS-1), marine cembrenolide diterpene, inhibited growth and induced apoptosis in colon cancer cells via a reactive oxygen species (ROS) dependent mechanism. Treatment of HT-29 cells with LS-1 resulted in ROS generation, which was accompanied by disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytosolic release of cytochrome , sub-G1 peak accumulation, activation of Bid, caspase-, -8, and -, and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) along with the suppressive expression of cell lymphoma- (Bcl-). All these effects were significantly blocked on pretreatment with the ROS inhibitor N-acetylcysteine (NAC), indicating the involvement of increased ROS in the proapoptotic activity of LS-1. Moreover, we showed that LS-1 induced the phosphorylation of -Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and dephosphorylation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Akt, Src and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), which were effectively attenuated by NAC. In addition, the expressions of antioxidant catalase and glutathione peroxidase were abrogated by treatment using LS-1 with or without NAC. These findings reveal the novel anticancer efficacy of LS-1 mediated by the induction of apoptosis via ROS generation in human colon cancer cells.

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Fracture healing is a complex dynamic process that involves the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to participate in fracture healing. In this study, we investigated the role of miR-324-

p in osteoblast differentiation. MCT-1 cell differentiation was induced by icariin, and miR-324-p expression levels during cell differentiation were measured using qRT-PCR. Cell proliferation and differentiation were assessed to evaluate the function of miR-324-p. Luciferase activity was used for target gene verification. During MCT-1 differentiation, miR-324-p levels gradually increased over time. Further experiments showed that miR-324-p overexpression significantly promoted cell viability, whereas miR-324-p downregulation showed the opposite effect. For cells with miR-324-p mimic, the levels of bone sialoprotein, Runx, osteocalcin, and alkaline phosphatase activity were significantly elevated. SMAD is the target gene of miR-324-p, and its level is gradually downregulated during MCT-1 cell differentiation. MiR-324-p may promote MCT-1 cell differentiation by targeting SMAD.

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The nucleus

12C

was bombarded by

82

.1–MeV

3He

particles to study elastic and inelastic scattering and the (

3He

, α) reaction. Angular distributions were measured for the elastic scattering, for the inelastic scattering to levels at 4.4,

7

.6 and

9

.6 MeV in

12C

, and for the (

3He

, α) reaction to levels at 0.0,

2

.0, 4.

3

(4.

7

) and 6.4 MeV in

11C

. The optical potential parameters were searched for to fit the

3He

elastic scattering angular distribution. The deformation parameters

β₂

and

β₃

for

12C

were determined from DWBA analysis. The angular distributions of α particles were compared with DWBA calculations and calculations including the two-step process via inelastic channel.

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From the fronds of Polystichum tripteron (KUNZE) P_R. a new norcarotenoid glycoside was isolated and shown to be (6R, , R)--hydroxy-megastigma-4, -dien--one--O-β-D-glucoside. The fronds of Dennstaedtia wilfordii (MOORE) CHRIST. contain the same glucoside.

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