Dental Materials Journal

Review

A review of our development of dental adhesives — Effects of radical polymerization initiators and adhesive monomers on adhesion

Kunio IKEMURA, Takeshi ENDO

2010 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 109-121
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: April 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2009-057

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This paper reviews the development of dental adhesives by collating information of related studies from original scientific papers, reviews, and patent literatures. Through our development, novel radical polymerization initiators, adhesive monomers, and microcapsules were synthesized, and their effects on adhesion were investigated. It was found that 5-monosubstituted barbituric acid (5-MSBA)-containing ternary initiators in conjunction with adhesive monomers contributed to effective adhesion with good polymerization reactivity. Several kinds of novel adhesive monomers bearing carboxyl group, phosphonic acid group or sulfur-containing group were synthesized, and investigated their multi-purpose bonding functions. It was suggested that the flexible methylene chain in the structure of adhesive monomers played a pivotal role in their enhanced bonding durability. It was found that the combination of acidic monomers with sulfur-containing monomer markedly improved adhesion to enamel, dentin, porcelain, alumina, zirconia, non-precious metals and precious metals. A new poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-type adhesive resin comprising microencapsulated polymerization initiators was also found to exhibit both good formulation stability and excellent adhesive property.

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Original Papers

Synthesis of a novel camphorquinone derivative having acylphosphine oxide group, characterization by UV-VIS spectroscopy and evaluation of photopolymerization performance

Kunio IKEMURA, Kensuke ICHIZAWA, Yoshiyuki JOGETSU, Takeshi ENDO

2010 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 122-131
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: April 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2009-026

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Camphorquinone (CQ) derivatives having acylphosphine oxide (APO) group are unknown. This study synthesized such a novel 7,7dimethyl-2,3-dioxobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-1-carbonyldiphenyl phosphine oxide (DOHC-DPPO = CQ-APO). Ultraviolet and visible (UVVIS) spectra of CQ-APO, CQ, and APO were measured. Photopolymerization performances of experimental light-cured resins comprising these photoinitiators were investigated. Newly synthesized CQ-APO showed as a pale yellow crystal (mp 365K). UV-VIS spectrum of CQ-APO showed two maximum absorption wavelengths (λ_max) [372 nm (from APO group) and 475 nm (from CQ moiety)] within 350–500 nm. Unfilled resin containing CQ-APO exhibited good photopolymerization time (9.6 sec) and relaxed operation time (50 sec), as well as a pronouncedly lower b value (4.0) in the CIELab color specification system than that containing CQ (84.0). Resin composites containing CQ-APO, exhibited high flexural strength (114.3–133.8 MPa). It was concluded that CQ-APO possessed two λ_maxpeaks within 350–500 nm, and that CQ-APO-containing resins exhibited excellent color tone, good photopolymerization reactivity, relaxed operation time, and high mechanical strength.

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Construction of database for three-dimensional human tooth models and its ability for education and research - Carious tooth models -

Sakae NAGASAWA, Takamitsu YOSHIDA, Kaoru TAMURA, Masatoshi YAMAZOE, Ke ...

2010 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 132-137
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: April 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2009-013

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To construct a human teeth database which is freely available to researchers and students, three-dimensional human tooth models were generated in a previous study, by means of micro-CT, from 35 human teeth extracted during orthodontic treatment. In this study, X-ray images of 55 extracted human teeth were acquired using three-dimensional micro-CT at a resolution of 50×50×50 µm, and then visualized using a numerical data visualization software. These carious tooth models provided insight into the morphology and progression of carious defects as well as a rare insight into the morphology of carious tooth pulp, therefore rendering them as a useful tool and efficient method for dental students' learning. Moreover, these three-dimensional models could be simultaneously observed and used by many students and researchers at any one time, which was a superior advantage than having only one actual tooth for learning and study by many.

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In vitro evaluation of shear bond strength of veneering ceramics to zirconia

Zeynep ÖZKURT, Ender KAZAZOGLU, Ahmet ÜNAL

2010 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 138-146
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: April 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2009-065

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The bond strength between veneering ceramic and zirconia framework is the weakest link in the layered structure. To investigate the shear bond strength (SBS) of veneering ceramics to zirconia, four types of zirconia ceramics (Zirkonzahn, Cercon, Lava, DC-Zirkon) were selected. For each zirconia system, 30 disk specimens were layered with IPS e.max Ceram, Vita VM9, and a manufacturer-recommended veneering ceramic. SBS test was conducted, and fracture surface analysis was also performed to determine the failure modes. One-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, and Tukey's HSD tests were used to analyze the data. On shear bond strength between zirconia and their recommended veneering ceramics, statistically significant differences were observed among the different zirconia systems (p<0.001). DC-Zirkon exhibited the highest SBS value (40.49±8.43 MPa), followed by Lava (27.11±2.72 MPa), Zirkonzahn (24.46±3.72 MPa), and Cercon (20.19±5.12 MPa). On shear bond strength to IPS e.max Ceram and Vita VM9, significantly lower (p<0.001) were observed for these veneering ceramics than their recommended veneering ceramics for DC-Zirkon and Lava. For Zirkonzahn and Cercon, similar SBS values were observed for all kinds of veneering ceramics (p>0.05). In conclusion, the bonding of manufacturer-recommended veneering ceramic to the zirconia framework differed according to zirconia type.

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Evaluation of Candida albicans formation on feldspathic porcelain subjected to four surface treatment methods

Banu KARAYAZGAN, Arzu ATAY, Mehmet Ali SARACLI, Yumushan GUNAY

2010 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 147-153
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: April 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2009-016

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Candida albicans, known for its adhesion on prosthetic materials and oral tissues, is the most frequently encountered fungal infection in dentistry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of four different surface treatment methods and immersion in artificial saliva on the surface roughness of and candida adhesion on dental porcelains. The four surface treatment methods were namely: natural glaze, overglaze, dual ion exchange, and polishing. Surface roughness of porcelain was evaluated using a surface profilometer and by SEM. Candida adhesion was examined by culturing two Candida strains on porcelain specimens followed by a colorimetric method using XTT/Coenzyme Q0. It became evident that Candida adhesion was found more in the specimens treated with natural glaze and polishing. Further, by the visual inspection of SEM images and comparison of surface roughness, polished and natural-glazed specimens showed rougher surface characteristics than overglazed and dual-ion-exchanged specimens.

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Effects of sintering temperature on physical and compositional properties of α-tricalcium phosphate foam

Koh-ichi UDOH, Melvin L. MUNAR, Michito MARUTA, Shigeki MATSUYA, Kunio ...

2010 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 154-159
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: April 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2009-079

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Effects of sintering temperature on the physical and compositional properties of α-TCP foam fabricated using the polyurethane foam method were examined. When a polyurethane foam coated with α-TCP slurry was sintered at 1,400–1,550°C, α-TCP foam having basically the same fully interconnected porous structure was produced although shrinkage occurred with increasing sintering temperature. On porosity of the α-TCP foam, a higher foam porosity of 95% was obtained when sintered at 1,400°C as compared to the 90% porosity obtained at a higher sintering temperature of 1,550°C. Further, at 1,500°C or higher temperature, frame became dense with disappearance of micropores. On compressive strength, it increased from approximately 50 to 250 kPa when sintering temperature was increased from 1,400 to 1,550°C. Nonetheless, no compositional changes were observed even when the α-TCP foam was cooled in the furnace without quenching process. In light of the results obtained, it was concluded that α-TCP foam fabricated using the polyurethane method was useful as a bone substitute and/or scaffolding material for tissue engineering. Besides, α-TCP foam could be useful as a precursor for the fabrication of other calcium phosphate foams.

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Effects of α-DT cement with hydroxypropyl cellulose on bone augmentation within a titanium cap in the rabbit calvarium

Tomihisa FUKUYAMA, Shuichi SATO, Yasumasa FUKASE, Koichi ITO

2010 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 160-166
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: April 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2009-063

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The present study was performed to evaluate the effects of calcium phosphate cement (α-DT cement) containing α-TCP, dicalcium phosphate anhydrous, and tetracalcium phosphate mixed with hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) for bone augmentation within a titanium cap in the rabbit calvarium. A total of 24 male adult Japanese white rabbits were used in this study. In each rabbit, one side of the cap was filled with α-DT cement (α-DT) or α-DT cement mixed with HPC (α-DTH), and the other side of the cap was left empty (control). After 1 and 3 months, newly generated tissue and mineralized bone areas were measured histomorphometrically. Significant differences in newly generated tissue and mineralized tissue were observed between the α-DT or α-DTH group and the control at 3 months. Furthermore, α-DTH showed significantly more mineralized tissue than α-DT group. Our findings indicated that although α-DT cement was effective for bone augmentation, α-DTH was more useful than α-DT for bone maturation.

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Effects of different food colorants and polishing techniques on color stability of provisional prosthetic materials

Vygandas RUTKUNAS, Vaidotas SABALIAUSKAS, Hiroshi MIZUTANI

2010 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 167-176
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: April 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2009-075

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The main objective was to investigate the effects of different polishing techniques on the color stability of provisional prosthetic materials upon exposure to different staining agents by mimicking the oral environment in vitro. Fifty-six cylindrical specimens were prepared for each type of material: bis-acryl and light-polymerized composite resins, and methyl methacrylate- and ethyl methacrylatebased resins. The specimens were polished using seven different polishing techniques and then immersed in four different staining agents. Color was measured with a spectrophotometer before and after immersion, and color changes (ΔE) were calculated. The effects of the type of provisional material, polishing procedure, staining agent, and their interactions on color stability were significant (p<0.05). Amongst these factors, the staining agent exerted the strongest effect on color stability. Amongst the provisional materials tested, methacrylate-based resins exhibited the highest color stability irrespective of polishing technique and staining agent.

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Effects of metal primers on bonding of adhesive resin cement to noble alloys for porcelain fusing

Nobuhiro OKUYA, Hiroyuki MINAMI, Hisanori KURASHIGE, Sadaaki MURAHARA, ...

2010 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 177-187
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: April 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2009-068

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This study evaluated the effects of metal primers on the bonding of adhesive resin to four pure metals (Au, Pd, Ag, Cu) and two noble alloys for porcelain fusing (high-gold and high-palladium content alloys). Bonding surface was polished with 600-grit silicon carbide paper and primed with one of the three metal primers (V-Primer, Metaltite, and M.L. Primer). Bonded specimens were fabricated by applying adhesive resin (Super-Bond C&B) on the primed surface. Shear bond strength (SBS) was determined both before and after thermocycling (4–60°C for 2,000 cycles). The highest SBS values to each pure metal after thermocycling were 33.5 MPa for Au by M.L. Primer, 35.0 MPa for Ag by V-Primer, and 34.4 MPa for Cu by Metaltite. SBS to high-gold content alloy after thermocycling was 33.3 MPa by M.L. Primer. None of the primers was effective for pure Pd and high-palladium content alloy after thermocycling.

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Investigations in the correlation between Martens hardness and flexural strength of composite resin restorative materials

Jens FISCHER, Svenja ROESKE, Bogna STAWARCZYK, Christoph H. F. HÄ ...

2010 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 188-192
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: April 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2009-080

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The purpose of this study is to verify the hypothesis that the hardness and flexural strength of composite resin restorative materials are correlated and similarly affected by accelerated aging. With four different composite resins (Tetric Evo Ceram, Synergy, Filtek Supreme, Quixfil), the effects of aging in distilled water at 37°C or by thermal cycling (5°C/55°C) on Martens hardness and flexural strength were assessed. Flexural strength (n=12) was measured according to ISO 4049 immediately after light-curing and after 75 days of aging. Martens hardness (n=6) was measured in intervals up to 75 days. The results were statistically analyzed with one-way ANOVA, followed by a post hoc Bonferroni test. In all cases, the effect of aging on hardness could not be measured. The effect of aging on flexural strength was also not consistent, although it was found that thermal cycling affected flexural strength more than water storage. Martens hardness and flexural strength of composite resins are not correlated.

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Antibacterial activity of composite resin with glass-ionomer filler particles

Seitaro SAKU, Hirotomo KOTAKE, Rogelio J. SCOUGALL-VILCHIS, Shizue OHA ...

2010 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 193-198
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: April 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2009-050

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The purpose of this study was to examine the antibacterial activity of composite resin with glass-ionomer filler particles versus that of contemporary commercial composite resins. Three composite resins were used: Beautifil II (containing S-PRG filler), Clearfil AP-X, and Filtek Z250. Resin blocks were bonded to maxillary first molars, and plaque accumulation on the resin block surface was examined after 8 hours. For the antibacterial test, the number of Streptococcus mutans in contact with the composite resin blocks after incubation for 12 hours was determined, and adherence of radiolabeled bacteria was evaluated. Less dental plaque was formed on Beautifil II resin block as compared to the other two materials. Antibacterial test revealed that there were no significant differences in the number of Streptococcus mutans among the three composite resins. However, the adherence of radiolabeled bacteria to the saliva-treated resin surface was significantly (p<0.01) lower in Beautifil II than in the other two materials. These results suggested that Beautifil II could reduce dental plaque formation and bacterial adherence, leading to prevention of secondary caries.

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Measurement of shear bond strength to intact dentin

Mizuho KUSUNOKI, Kazuo ITOH, Misa OIKAWA, Hisashi HISAMITSU

2010 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 199-205
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: April 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2009-040

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Previously, we reported that the integrity of a resin composite restoration deteriorated when the dentin cavity wall was decalcified by conditioning. In this study, to evaluate the bonding between dentin adhesive and non-decalcified dentin surface, we experimented with a novel method of using a high-pressure water spray device to prepare smear layer-free dentin surfaces. When the smear layer was removed, shear bond strength significantly increased regardless of the removal method employed. Further, with glyceryl monomethacrylate (GM) priming, no significant differences in bond strength were observed among these smear layer removal methods: ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) conditioning, phosphoric acid conditioning, and removal by water spray. It was also found that GM priming was key to achieving marginal integrity, whereas contraction gap width increased with phosphoric acid conditioning. It was thus concluded that the efficacy of a dentin adhesive should be evaluated by consistently observing the contraction gap in three-dimensional cavities rather than by mere measurement of bond strength to a flat dentin surface.

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Comparative effects of two different artificial body fluids on Candida albicans adhesion to soft lining materials

Caner VURAL, Guven OZDEMIR, Huseyin KURTULMUS, Ovul KUMBULOGLU, Mutlu ...

2010 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 206-212
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: April 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2009-081

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This study investigated the C. albicans adhesion to cold- and heat-polymerized soft lining materials that were initially incubated in two different artificial body fluids, namely saliva and nasal secretion, and examined the surface roughness the materials (cold and heat polymerized soft liner) tested in vitro. Cold (Visco Gel) and heat-polymerized (Molloplast B) soft liner specimens (N=32, n=8 per group) (10×10×1.5 mm) were randomly produced to express the relationship between surface roughness and contamination, and influence of body fluids, and incubated in 1.5 ml contaminated solutions for 2 h. After fixation, all of materials were evaluated under optical microscope (×400) and SEM. Surface roughness measurements were examined with profilometre for each material. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, Tukey’s HSD and Dunnett T3 tests (α=0.05). Material type (p<0.05) and contamination media (p<0.05) showed a significant influence on the C. albicans adherence. The surface roughness of cold polymerized soft liner (Visco Gel) was significantly higher than heat-polymerized soft liner (Molloplast B) (p<0.05).

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Surface texture and roughness of polished nanofill and nanohybrid resin composites

Tatsuo ENDO, Werner J. FINGER, Masafumi KANEHIRA, Andreas UTTERODT, Ma ...

2010 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 213-223
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: April 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2009-019

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Nanofiller-containing resin composites have gained appreciable market share in dentistry due to their claims of high mechanical strength and low polymerization contraction. In this study, the polishability of one nanofill (Filtek Supreme XT/FIL) and three nanohybrid materials (Grandio/GRA, Tetric EvoCeram/TET, Venus Diamond/VED) was investigated using surface profilometry and SEM. After the specimens were cured under a Mylar strip or pre-ground with 600-grit SiC paper, three polishing systems were applied and their polishing effects compared: diamond polishing points, a diamond paste, and urethane-backed aluminum oxide disks. Except for the profilometry results obtained by glass filler-containing GRA and VED with one polishing system that comprised the consecutive application of diamond particles and a diamond polishing paste, the final roughness (Ra) of all other specimens were lower than the clinically acceptable 0.2 µm threshold. The surface textures of the polished nanofill FIL and nanohybrid TET were uniformly smooth, whereas relief polishing effects and filler extrusion of varying extents were seen on the nanohybrid composites GRA and VED.

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Durability of fiber-post and resin core build-up systems

Masayuki HATTORI, Shinji TAKEMOTO, Masao YOSHINARI, Eiji KAWADA, Yutak ...

2010 Volume 29 Issue 2 Pages 224-228
Published: 2010
Released on J-STAGE: April 05, 2010

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4012/dmj.2009-113

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the durability of unidirectional and bidirectional fiber-reinforced post systems under static and cyclic loading. Three prefabricated fiber posts with one of two core composite resins each or a post resin were used. Each specimen was subjected to a three-point bending test after cyclic loading (1000 times) by 0.1, 0.2 or 0.3 mm deflection. Under cyclic loading, flexure strength and elastic modulus tended to show a decrease with increase in deflection in the unidirectional fiber post specimens. No such tendency, however, was observed in the bidirectional fiber post specimen. In conclusion, use of a prefabricated fiber post in a post-and-core complex improved the flexural properties of the core composite resin, regardless of fiber direction. Although deterioration in flexural properties was observed with cyclic loading in the unidirectional fiber post specimens, no significant difference was observed in the bidirectional fiber post specimen.

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