The Journal of The Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers
Online ISSN : 1881-6908
Print ISSN : 1342-6907
ISSN-L : 1342-6907
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Volume 60, Issue 12
Displaying 1-32 of 32 articles from this issue
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Focus
Lecture
Special Edition
New Technology for Production of Digital Contents
Technical Survey
Technical Guide
How Does Computer-Vision Imitate Human-Vision with the Latest Techniques?;
Practical Approaches to Avoid Difficulties
TV Cafe
Epoch-making Technologies
Keywords you should know
Visiting a Video Production Site
Topics from Conference
Summary of Foreign Periodicals
News
Papers · Short Papers
Special Section Human Information
Papers
  • Effectiveness of Cooperative Motion Detection Model in Reproducing Human Vision's Motion Detection and Accommodation Characteristics for Double Apparent Motion Stimuli
    Toshikazu Matsui
    2006 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 1947-1955
    Published: December 01, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 07, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.60.1947
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    We studied whether the cooperative motion detection model is effective in reproducing human vision's motion detection and accommodation characteristics for many kinds of apparent motion stimuli. The stimuli consisted of two kinds of apparent motion sine-waves with different motion directions, and the model's responses to the stimuli were compared with actual responses in human vision. The responses corresponded well in two ways. (1) There was a critical spatial frequency at which the motion perception changed from one state to the other, and it increased as the stimuli approached in a continuous motion. (2) Under the critical spatial frequency, two kinds of motion were detected in two kinds of accommodation states depending on which motion stimulus was paid attention to, while over the critical frequency, one motion was detected in those states. These results suggest that the cooperative model is an accurate model of the motion detection mechanism including the accommodation mechanism.
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  • Effects of Motion Parallax Produced by High-Density Directional Three-Dimensional Displays on Object Depth Perception
    Masayuki Watanabe, Hisaki Nate, Yasuhiro Takaki
    2006 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 1956-1963
    Published: December 01, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 07, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.60.1956
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    Recently developed high-density directional displays have the ability to evoke the accommodation responses and provide smooth motion parallax. In the this work, we explain how smooth motion parallax is produced by the high-density directional displays. We also examine the effects of the motion parallax on object depth perception using 64-directional displays. Cylindroids with different ellipticities that have coarse random dot patterns or checker patterns on their surfaces were displayed, and observers were asked to describe the perceived ellipticities. The density of the random dots was so coarse that more than half of the observers could not correctly perceive the ellipticities using only binocular parallax. The use of the motion parallax improved thier ellipticity perception greatly. Moreover, almost all observers could perceive the ellipticities to a certain precision only with the motion parallax. The binocular disparity and motion parallax produced by the high-density directional display were so effective that the use of checker patterns on the cylindroid surfaces results in little improvement.
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  • Method for Identifying Individuals Using Lip Motion Features
    Yoichi Shirasawa, Shin Miura, Makoto Nishida, Yoichi Kageyama, Satohum ...
    2006 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 1964-1970
    Published: December 01, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 07, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.60.1964
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    Speech speed is irregular in each speaker; however, it is important to adjust the structure of the speech data and allow for regional differences (accents or dialects) when identifying a person by their lip motion features. We propose a method to identify individuals by analyzing three kinds of lip motion features: lip width, lip length, and lip angle. The analysis is made on the basis of these features' relative values obtained from the primary and object frame. The proposed method's procedure involves three steps: automatic extraction of the lip motion features from the primary frame, change of the standardized data structure, and individual identification by fuzzy reasoning. We analyzed the lip motion features of 17 subjects using the proposed method, and achieved a successful identification rate of 100%. The results of the cumulative match rate (CMR) suggest that the proposed approach can be used to identify individuals more accurately than can DP matching.
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  • Eye-gaze Input System for Physically Disabled Computer Users
    Kiyohiko Abe, Hironobu Sato, Minoru Ohyama, Shoichi Ohi
    2006 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 1971-1979
    Published: December 01, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 07, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.60.1971
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    We present an eye-gaze input system for people with severe physical disabilities, such as those caused by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This system uses a personal computer and a home video camera to detect eye-gaze under natural light. The system detects both vertical and horizontal eye-gaze using simple image analysis, and does not require special image processing units or sensors. We propose an operation support system for physically disabled computer users as an application of the eye-gaze input system. Our new computer operation support system uses a direct selection method by switching indicator groups. This system enables the input of Japanese text (both kana and kanji), alphabets, and symbols at a faster pace. In addition, users can access all Windows operations using the system, thereby enabling many commercially produced software applications to be operated by eye-gaze.
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  • Evaluation of Readability of Visualized Speech Conveying Linguistic Information
    Akira Watanabe, Yuichi Ueda, Tadashi Sakata
    2006 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 1991-1999
    Published: December 01, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 07, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.60.1991
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    This paper describes evaluations of the readability of visualized speech represented by integrating several speech parameters. In the first test, a closed subset of a small vocabulary (75 words: nouns) uttered by four male speakers was examined. Next, the vocabulary was expanded to a medium size (520 words: nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs) uttered by 10 males. Finally, we conducted a systematic test to analyze the influence of vocabulary size, defective representation of a parameter, and real-time representation on the readability of utterances by 10 males and 10 females. The results showed that readability of the visualized speech was almost unaffected by differences among speakers. Moreover, words from the small vocabulary (75-120) were readable in real time because subjects could rapidly grasp the vocabulary through the repetition of randomized words uttered by various speakers during tests even without being told correct answers.
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  • Perception of Surface Reflectance Properties from Shading Based on Three-Dimensional Structures
    Mahito Fujii, Takayuki Ito, Noboru Ohnishi
    2006 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 2000-2007
    Published: December 01, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 07, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.60.2000
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    Shading in two-dimensional images produces a compelling perception of three-dimensional shape. When mechanisms of perception are considered from an engineering standpoint, shape-from-shading is known to be an ill-posed problem that is difficult to solve. Constraints are needed to solve this kind of problem. Although estimation of reflectance properties from shading is also considered an ill-posed problem, mechanisms of estimation by the visual system are still poorly understood. Therefore, we proposed a psychological experiment intended to determine whether the visual system can estimate surface reflectance properties from shading. In the experiment, we expect to use contours as a cue for perceiving three-dimensional structures. From a preliminary experiment we obtained data that did not rule out that the ability of the visual system to estimate surface reflectance from shading.
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Short Papers
  • Analysis of Eye-Blink Activity while Memorizing Line Drawing of a Face Viewed through a Restricted Visual Field
    Kiichi Tanabe
    2006 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 2008-2011
    Published: December 01, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 07, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.60.2008
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    We analyzed the eye-blink activity of a subject while he or she memorized facial images, that were presented in a restricted visual-field environment. Eye-blink activity was observed during two memorizing activities: facial component memorization and full-face memorization. A subject memorized a facial component (eyes, nose, mouth) individually in the former and memorized the whole face in the latter. Blinks frequently occurred when the subject observed facial components during full-face memorization. However, differences in observation area negligibly affected blink-rate during facial component memorization. Moreover, when the subject was allowed to blink during facial component memorization, the restricted visual field moved in slowly and the subject had long fixation pauses. In contrast, this did not occur during facial component memorization when the subject was not allowed to blink.
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  • Techniques for Improving the Readability of Information and Images Projected onto Documents
    Taiichiro Nakayama, Daisuke Iwai, Kosuke Sato
    2006 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 2012-2014
    Published: December 01, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 07, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.60.2012
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    We have been developing an information presentation system which projects graphical information onto real documents on a desk. The system assists a user to understand the documents' contents with optically superimposed helpful information. When the graphical annotation is projected over very busy and/or textured documents' surfaces, the readability of both the printed information on the documents and the projected information need to be legible. In this paper, we introduce two types of techniques to improve the readability of the projected information; automatic projection area selection and optically moving graphics. In order to confirm the improvement on readability, we have experimented the readability of these two techniques with psychological tests. The result indicates that the former technique is enough in practical uses.
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  • Is Apparent Motion Necessary to Explain TV Signals?
    Takahiko Fukinuki
    2006 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 2015-2018
    Published: December 01, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 07, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.60.2015
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    The so-called apparent motion for sampled motion in TV signals can be clearly analyzed as real motion, using the theory of spatio-temporal sampling. The reason is examined why the “apparent motion” was introduced to explain the phenomenon that the sampled motion looks like a smooth one.
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  • Pupil Detection Using Light Sources of Different Wavelengths
    Aya Nakashima, Yoshinobu Ebisawa, Yuji Nurikabe
    2006 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 2019-2025
    Published: December 01, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 07, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.60.2019
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    Pupil detection is useful in human interface and monitoring systems. Until now, pupil detection systems have detected pupils using the pupil brightness difference, produced by the positional difference of two light sources. The proposed method uses the difference in pupil brightness produced by light sources of different wavelengths. The proposed light source is much smaller than conventional ones, and its brightness does not depend on the distance between the user's face and the camera. Testing showed that pupil detection was possible using the proposed method.
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Regular Section
Papers
  • Interactive Image Retrieval Using Group-Based Relevance Feedback Method by Automatically Grouping Relevant Images
    Gang Zhao, Aki Kobayashi, Yoshinori Sakai
    2006 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 1980-1990
    Published: December 01, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 07, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.60.1980
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    We previously proposed an interactive image retrieval system that uses the group-based relevance feedback method. We now propose a new system that groups relevant images automatically to reduce the burden on the user that existed in the previous system. We also previously introduced an efficient learning method that uses the rough set theory's “local reduct”. The results of our experiments demonstrated that, in our proposed system, the burden on the user is reduced without any decrease in retrieval performance. The proposed system's retrieval response speed and the suitable interface for trial-and-error retrieval are easy to use.
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  • Design and Evaluation of Large Portable 3D Display
    Tsutomu Iwasaki, Noriyuki Kitajima, Takashi Takeda
    2006 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 2026-2031
    Published: December 01, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 07, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.60.2026
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    We present the design and fabrication of a large portable 3D immersive display device (U screen). A large screen is formed into an oval, and 3D images are projected using two projectors. The user feels immersed in the projected image because the screen fills peripheral vision. This device is composed of simple parts, so it can be assembled quickly yet still deliver a accurate image. We introduce the design and assembly of the device, and evaluate its performance.
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  • Interactive Mesh Deformation Method Using Translating, Rotating and Scaling Manipulation Handles
    Yasuhiro Yoshioka, Hiroshi Masuda, Yoshiyuki Furukawa
    2006 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 2032-2037
    Published: December 01, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 07, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.60.2032
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    In surface-based interactive mesh deformation, most methods deform 3D mesh models by preserving their mean curvature. However, it is not easy to implicitly rotate normals on mesh models. We propose a new deformation framework for translating, rotating and scaling 3D models in an interactive manner. In our method, normal vectors on a 3D model are interactively rotated by interpolating the quaternion logarithms of rotations. This method allows interactive rotations and produces good results. In addition, we introduce a rigidity-constraint that preserves the relative positions of vertices. This type of constraint is useful for preserving important features on a 3D model. We also demonstrate that our framework can be applied to the scaling, smoothing and enhancement of geometric features on a 3D model.
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Short Paper
  • Generating Paper Mosaic Images Taking into Account Thickness and Texture of Paper
    Daisuke Makino, Kohei Inoue, Kenji Hara, Kiichi Urahama
    2006 Volume 60 Issue 12 Pages 2038-2041
    Published: December 01, 2006
    Released on J-STAGE: March 07, 2008
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.3169/itej.60.2038
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    We describe a non-photorealistic rendering method for generating paper mosaic images that takes into account and compensates for the effects of the thickness and texture of the paper onto which the image is projected. We modulate the brightness of the paper mosaic image on the basis of the emboss-filtered image of the overlapped pieces of paper. We also modulate the brightness of the paper mosaic image on the basis of the paper's texture. That is, we incorporate the effects of the paper's thickness and texture into the resultant paper mosaic image. We experimentally showed that our method increases the three-dimensional sense of depth in paper mosaic images.
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