Multimedia enables the learner to "navigate" freely in the system. But the richness of non-linear representation is said to carry a risk of cognitive overload. This might lead the learner to "disorientation" and learning by multimedia might come to nothing. Therefore, various types of navigational aids have been developed to cope with this problem. Multimedia navigation can be divided into two types by its function; "aid for navigating in the system" and "displaying the structure of the system". In this study, the effects of the two navigation functions on the "expansion of knowledge structure" and the "integration of knowledge structure" were examined. Index-type navigation and hierarchal list-type navigation were selected to represent the two functions. The results of the present study indicate that in learning by multimedia, index-type navigation helps people expand their knowledge structure and hierarchal list-type navigation helps people integrate their knowledge structure.

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The progress of information technology has brought about the rapid diffusion of personal computers into schools and homes and user-friendly environments for computer uses. The present study examined whether such changes over the past ten years improved the computer attitudes of high school and college students. The data collected ten years ago were compared with those of present students using Loyd & Gressard's computer attitude scale (CAS). The results show that current students hold more positive attitudes towards computers than students ten years ago. While sex-stereotyping view with computers decreased, female students were less positive than male students. In contrast with male students who had changed their attitudes more positively on all of the CAS 3 subscales, female students attitudes changed more positively only on the 'computer anxiety' subscale over ten years. With female students, attitudes on the other two subscales, i.e. 'computer confidence' and 'computer liking', remained almost unchanged. It was discussed that more attention should be paid to socio-psychological factors for gender problems.

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The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the educational significance of creating video works at a junior college of domestic science through the analysis of an alumnae questionnaire. While the instructors shifted the focus of the course gradually to professional education in the course of 12 years, the result of the questionnaire showed that throughout the period the graduates had learned through experience to think of new ideas freely, establish better relations with other people and see things from various points of view. It may safely be said that creating video works is one of the effective way of human education.

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The distance learning and/or education projects held at Wang Klaikangwon School and the DLTV(Distance Learning TeleVision) station in Hua Hin, Thailand were described. The educational program via satellite broadcasting there started on December 5, 1995. In this paper we have discussed mainly on the foreign language lectures at Wang Klaikangwon School. The discussion was focused on the instructional media which were used in the TV studio. The DLTV station was used cooperatively by several educational institutions which are located in Hua Hin and Bangkok area. Making use of the DLTV station, Rajamangala Institute of Technology, Wang Klaikangwon Vocational College, Kindergarten, and Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University have taken part in the fields of life-long learning, non-formal education, and vocational education as well as formal education.

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