Radical reactions dominate the combustion of organic materials, and can continue within smoke plumes beyond the point of combustion. Radicals in ambient air or cigarette smoke were proposed to contribute to the harmful reaction. There is a lack of literature data about radicals in aircraft emission. Using a fluorescent probe dihydrorhodamine 6G and fluorescence detection High performance liquid chromatogaraphy (HPLC), we identified radicals in emission samples collected from engine test cell and F-15J on the flight line. The method originally developed for cigarette smoke has been successfully applied to aircraft emissions. We detected 1.14 nmol/L in the engine test cell emission with operated power from idle to maximum, and 0.14 nmol/L in the F-15J with idle power. The radical exposure level for F-15J pre-taxi check was below the amount generated in the mainstream of a cigarette smoke, suggesting less health effect of F-15J emission than cigarette smoking.

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High +Gz exposure on human centrifuge is one of stressful training for the Japan Air Self-Defense Force pilot cadets with no experience of high +Gz environment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychological and/or physical stress in high +Gz centrifuge training for pilot cadets by measuring the urinary catecholamine and salivary chromogranin-A (CgA) responses. Subjects were 16 male pilot cadets on a volunteer basis. Urine and saliva were collected on the day before the training day, before and after the training. The levels of adrenaline after the training were higher than before the training. No significant change was observed in noradrenaline and CgA. The levels of CgA during the experiment were remarkably higher than the control levels in previous literatures, and the levels of CgA after the training were almost the same levels as before the training. Our results suggested that the training induced the psychological stress responses in pilot cadets.

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We determined aldehydes in JP-4 fueled aircraft emissions both from F-15J and from C-130H to characterize occupational exposures to irritative and carcinogenic chemicals in flight line personnel. Aldehydes in the emissions were collected to 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine coated silica gel cartridge to form the corresponding hydrazones. The hydrazones were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet - visible detection (360nm). Personal exposure to formaldehyde was measured using commercially available passive sampler in flight line personnel. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, n-butylaldehyde and benzaldehyde were identified in both aircrafts emissions. Acetone, acrolein, propionaldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, n-valeraldehyde and m-tolualdehyde were also included in the F-15J emission. Formaldehyde, which was mainly produced in the emission, was higher concentration in F-15J (163.5ppb) than in C-130H (52.7ppb). Higher levels of personal exposure to formaldehyde were observed in F-15J personnel (n=5, 20.3±7.5ppb) in association with higher concentrations in the emission. In conclusion, our results revealed that the levels of aldehydes exposure in the F-15J flight line were higher than that of the C-130H. However, these measured levels do not exceed occupational health standards.

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To characterize toxic components for human in JP-4 fueled aircraft exhaust, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were determined in the emissions from F-15J and C-130H aircraft, and to investigate personal exposure to VOCs in the flight line personnel. There were five of aromatic hydrocarbons (HCs; benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m, p-xylene and o-xylen) and ten of aliphatic HCs with a chain length of C6-C15 (n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane, n-undecane, n-dodecane, n-tridecane, n-tetradecane and n-pentadecane) in F-15J exhaust, while there were four of aromatic HCs not including benzene and only three of aliphatic HCs (n-heptane, n-octane and n-undecane) in C-130H exhaust. The total VOCs concentrations were higher in the F-15J emission than in the C-130H’s. Personal exposure to VOCs in both aircrafts didn’t exceed the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health or Japan Society for Occupational Health recommended values of exposure limits.

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Exposure to volatile organic compounds in jet fuel JP-4 has been concerned about possible health effects in flight line and aircraft maintenance personnel. To determine volatile organic compounds in whole blood in JP-4 exposed personnel, we developed an analytical method using headspace solid-phase microextraction(SPME), capillary gas chromatography(GC), and quadrupole mass spectrometory(MS). Headspace SPME method uses a fine silica fiber coated with polymeric organic liquid to extract volatile organic compounds directly from a headspace above a sample. The SPME-GC/MS method in this study quantifies trace levels of 44 volatile hydrocarbons, including 34 aromatic hydrocarbons, 9 straight-chain alkanes(C7～ 15) and naphthalene in aqueous solution. Detection limits for the method range from 0.024 ng/mL to 1.185 ng/mL. Quantification limits range from 0.073 ng/mL to 3.59 ng/mL. The linearity of the calibration curves range from 0.891 to 1.000. The method was applied in measuring blood hydrocarbons in 2 subjects involved in C-130H aircraft fuel tank maintenance. In the post exposure sample from the subject working inside the tank, 7 straight-chain alkanes, mainly included n-heptane(291.14 ng/mL), n-octane(193.37 ng/mL) and n-nonane(104.54 ng/mL) were identified and quantified. There were also 23 aromatic hydrocarbons including toluene(153.51 ng/mL), xylenes (94.65 ng/mL), and ethylbenzene(15.52 ng/mL) in the exposed sample. The results suggested that the SPME-GC/MS method will enable us to expand biomonitoring effort to assess occupational JP-4 exposure.

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