The general purpose of the present study is to analyze sequential experience in the Japanese stroll-style garden based on the sensory stimulus information from the environment. In the present study, an analysis of verbal description made by people who visited Syugakuin-rikyu Villa, a noted Japanese stroll-style garden, was conducted. Then it was examined by comparing with the data which described the sequential profile of sensory stimulus information. As a result, the circuit space of the garden was found to be articulated based on significant changes of the sequential profile of sensory stimulus information, and the organization of the circuit space was clearly expressed by a series of articulated spaces which have different atmosphere.

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We have many different forest landscapes from the subpolar forest to the subtropical forest, in Japan. These forests landscapes present us diverse amenities. The objective of this study is to show the guideline of forest management for the amenity. First we took subjects in three representative forest types (the man-made coniferous forest, the evergreen broad-leaved forest and the deciduous broad-leaved forest) to experience forest amenities. Then to evaluate factors of forest amenities we used semantic differential technique and analytic hierarchy process.
The result of this study is as follows.(1) In the man-made coniferous forest, the figure of trees and the visibility in the forest were important factors.(2) In the evergreen broad-leaved forest and the deciduous broad-leaved forest, the figure of trees, the tint in the forest and visibility in the forest were important factors.

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Using Visitor Employed Photography, every photo spot taken by 48 groups which visited Kyoto University Forest in Ashu on May, was analyzed to discuss the operational possibility of forest landscapes and relationships between landscape types and attributes. Forest landscapes, which were experienced and evaluated by people through forest recreation, were classified into 38 landscape types according to the compositional elements of landscapes, such as visual object, view point, visual distance and topography. From our results, it was clarified that people frequently took a series of scene spots composed by several landscape types, which differed from people's visiting forms such as size of their groups and purpose to visit.

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This study aims to identify which part of contour of the Amanohashidate., sand bar in Japan, can be seen from which famous viewpoints, and to make clear the relationships between the figures of rim in sight and water. The viewpoints of the Amanohashidate are classified according to the figure of visible rim of the sand bar. The findings are as follows:(1) invisible parts of the sand bar are specified in each famous viewpoint, which occurs due to geographical feature;(2) figures of the sand bar from some viewpoints are characterized distortion of perspective overview effects, such as prominence and disappearance.

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Aiming at identifying the structure of human perception on how architectural form is recognized as harmonious with natural landscape, an experiment was conducted to measure how 4 models of architectural forms seem to have impacts on 5 different natural landscapes. Subsequently 46 subjects were exposed to the picture simulation of architectural forms and natural landscapes, to evaluate how the forms appeared in the scenes. It was found out that they recognized the forms such as a quadratic cone were in harmony with, or as a part of the scene since they followed those typically found in the natural landscape, whereas the forms such as a vertically long cube did not bear harmony with the scenes since they seemed too symbolic. However, it was also learned in the experiment that the different living environments caused different results. The perception of those subjects with affluent natural landscape in their living environments, was less influenced by the change of the the architectural forms and natural landscapes than that of those of less affluent natural landscape. To add the living environment as a parameter to identify the correlation of the architectural forms and natural landscapes will be considered in the future study.

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The Landscape with simply-repeated form, which is peculiar to Technoscape, is formed in pursuit of construction.efficiency or scale economics. Simply-repeated form has undoubtedly significant and positive characteristics as we able to find out in modem art or gardening design although it has not been clearly discussed in the former studies.
This paper attempts to manifest the significance of simply-repeated forms on the basis of analysis of gardens, Japanese traditional design and modern art to confirm the visual or semiotic effect and to develop the rhetorical discussion of this form as one of the most significant characteristics of technoscape. The interpretive effects of simply-repeated forms are, (1) to obscure the original meaning of object and (2) to emphasize the perception of arrangement.
Psychological experiment shows several perceptive characteristics for concrete/abstract and regular/irregular forms. In addition, we exemplify several factors to form simply-repeated forms in technoscape;(1) Capacity limit of internal/external condition of objects, (2) Uniform dimension formed by uniform load for symmetrical structure, (3) Construction efficiency and (4) Economies of scale. Finally, we discuss the possibility of this output to be interpretive and rhetoric models of simply-repeated forms to assist the technoscape design.

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Tourism/recreational potential for forest management was estimated on a watershed scale in Kasumigaura River Basin Regional Forest Planning Unit, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan (339, 000 ha). Firstly, using an existing database, every resources and facilities in Kasumigaura Unit were picked up and five hundred and twenty eight resources and facilities were ranked from one to four points. Then, these points were summed up by 1-km by 1-km mesh and a basic potential map was created. Next, as smoothing the mesh map using a 5-mesh by 5-mesh filtering method, the final potential map was created. As a result, seventy five high potential areas were recognized in Kasumigaura Unit and the high potential areas were classified into six types according to these contents. These types were 1. Natural resources dominant areas (eleven areas), 2. Cultural resources dominant areas (thirty areas), 3. Natural/cultural resources area (twelve areas), 4. Rural facilities dominant areas (fourteen areas), 5. Urban facilities dominant areas (four areas), and 6.The other areas (four areas). Finally, proper management plans were discussed according to the six areas.

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My concern here is whether traffic control introduced in many natural parks in Japan is effective in coping with problems derived from over-use. Users' cooperation and sympathy with management of natural parks are essential to implement traffic control successfully. The question is to have an insight into subjects on park planning system of visitor use control based on visitors' attitude toward the present condition under traffic control. This is a case study conducted in Shiretoko National Park. Date of visitors' opinions and behavior were collected by a mail-back questionnaire survey on visitors. Records of visitors' movement were offered by Environment Agency. As a result, many visitors were affected by traffic control.Most visitors were acceptable to some methods of traffic control. Visitors' motives were diverse.Intensity of their motives and their destinations were closely related.Preserving opportunities of recreational experiences is needed to conserve of ecological and social aspects of environments. Amount of use in the area under traffic control was reduced. Congested condition with traffic and visitors was dissolved moderately. Amelioration of survey method should be needed to have an accurate knowledge about use and impacts. There is no indicator to monitor ecological and social aspects of environment affected by traffic control. In conclusion, it is noteworthy that zoning based on resources and visitors' experience should be discussed to conserve diversity of environmental conditions and to achieve diverse intention of visitors. The point for getting support traffic control is to establish specific goals of each area and monitoring system of changes of environment.

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For defining social carrying capacity in recreational settings, it is necessary to ask visitors about their acceptable limit of encounters with other visitors. But their coping behavior may confound the reliability of that information. We examined the relationship between mountaineers' acceptable limit of encounters and their coping behavior. The survey was conducted at Daisetsuzan National Park from July to September in 1998. Mountaineers' acceptable limit of encounters with other visitors, acceptable limit of discourteous manners, their intention of coping behavior and their experience of coping behavior were acquired by a mail-back questionnaire. The results may be summarized as follows:
1) Mountaineers who were tolerant of encounters were older, traveled shorter distances, and were less able to recognize human impacts.
2) Some mountaineers avoided encounters with others by coping behaviors such as intra-site displacement. When the number of encounters exceeds the acceptable limit, they tend to change their experience definitions to what they expect of more crowded conditions, or move to a less crowded area, tent site or season.

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It began to do “the education about hometown” which can be called the important part of the environmental education for the schoolchild to understand near environment from 1982 in Taipei city. The positive Yangmingshan National Park introduces to the textbook of the education about hometown by the elementary school and makes a schoolchild understand a purpose of the establishment and an ideal at the national park. The lack of the environmental education in the school can be made up by the cooperation of the 4 persons by “administration”“the teacher at the school”“the person in the area” and “the administrator of the park”. That the side of the park management according to the cooperation request of the school with providing the data and the sending of the interpreter or the interpretive volunteer will bring about an effective result to become the power of the school. Also, it expects that the people in the area make the system which cooperates as the volunteer.

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This research has been described the operation of park volunteers and establishment of Fine Park volunteer system in Nikko and Hakone. Six different divisions characterize the volunteer activity of Nikko. The most critical thing is to establish better leadership initiated by coordinators and optimal systematization of the volunteer organization. There is a great satisfaction of volunteer activity by Hakone because it has established what's called Organization of Volunteeri and is involved with many activity such as interpretation and gathering of information in relation to environment. There is a great need for establishing membership and receiving more financial aid. Based on this research in order to facilitate system of park volunteers: Security of volunteer station, Establishment of volunteers activity and rule of participation, Need for self-governing body.

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The purpose of this study was to clarify present conditions concerning environmental education at recreational facilities in Hyogo Prefecture and to propose possible solutions. We had interviews with the manager of each facility, instructors and participants of each education program to understand the types of facilities, the contents of activities, the instructional system, and the operation costs of facilities available for the program. In conclusion, the following suggestions are made for better environmental education at recreational facilities. The managers of facilities should 1) improve their outdoor areas for various learning objectives in accordance with regional characteristics, the location, 2) cooperate with volunteers and train enough instructors to run those activities, and 3) establish management systems of educational program.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of riverside utilization by Edo commonality and the riverside routes of recreational wandering in the Edo era to clarify what role the watersides plays in people's wandering. The source of data was Koten Rakugo, which saw their forms established from the end of the Edo to the Meiji era and were written against the background of the manners, customs, and social system in Tokyo in the early Meiji era retaining the vestiges of Edo. Fifty routes of wandering were extracted from 87 Koten Rakugo stories dealing with watersides and waterside wandering and were classified into 5 main courses of typical wandering pattern. Next, the patterns of wandering were classified into 5 types in terms of effects of waterside constituent factors on wandering to characterize wandering according to type.

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The growing importance of places to live with nature has been increased since the urbanization has been going these days. With this trend, we have focused on the waterside as a proper place to touch with nature and conducted a questionnaire aiming at people who visit seaside parks in Chiba prefecture. We analyzed the factors such as satisfaction and dissatisfaction with seaside parks as well as an element familiar or unfamiliar with nature inside seaside parks. The purpose of the questionnaire is to make clear what kinds of point of view they have on nature and what kinds of behavior or places they like to be getting closer to nature. As a result, an element to feel nature depends on the sea itself and marine scenes while an element which does not feel nature results from such as factories and artificial objects. Therefore, we reached the conclusion that it is not the lack of nature but the elements such as the factories and artificial objects that hinder people from touching with nature inside seaside parks.

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The majority of the park-like cemetery constructed before World War II model'ed the Tama cemetery that was planned by Kiyoshi Inoshita in 1919. But the cemetery constructed after the War diverted from his idea. The purpose of the current study was to discuss and clarify the open space design at park-like cemetery by comparing Hattori cemetery made under the influence of Kiyoshi's idea with Sakai cemetery made after the war. As a result, it was found that Sakai cemetery consists of a partial green tract of land reducing its space values, and hence losing a “solemn” atmosphere. Therefore, there suggests necessity for total integration of the grave-yard (grave and footpath area) with green tract of land. We suggest that the introduction of tree into the grave yard and shrub into the grave area would enhance its spatial value.

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This study aims to clarify the actual utilization and evaluation of a block park in order to answer to the various usage of the residents. In the analysis, we have chosen three block parks with different opening years and spatial structure inside Tama new town. We have done a questionnaire survey by mail about actual utilization and evaluation of the parks. As a result, park users are classified into three groups depending on their purposes. And we found that there are various usage by various age brackets and some differences of evaluation to the park between three groups.

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This study analyzed the actual condition of greenery of park in terms of its usage, evaluation and intention to improve its design in the future. It is conducted by asking the new town inhabitants about the park and greenery of the Ilsan new town in Korea through questionnaire survey. It is aimed to improve the quality of the greenery in the new town in Korea. Ilsan new town is selected by the subject of investigation. It is a new town, which is built to solve the shortage of houses in Seoul in 1989. As the result of study, it shows that the inhabitants consider that the condition of nature and park is important for dwelling environment when they moved into the new town. This study resulted that all sorts of the park in Ilsan new town is meeting with the needs of inhabitant's usage in terms of suitable condition of space. But the demand of the inhabitants need for natural forest is high. It is intended to improve the quality of park in the future. Therefore, it is considered that the question of a new town in Korea is how to develop the way of urban design related to provide natural forest.

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The fact finding study on children's play environments in Jakarta and Yogyakarta is focused on individual play spaces marked by children on their residential maps to seek children's typical play spaces and their distribution patterns. Study indicates that playing in open spaces has dominated children's play environments in Indonesian major cities as in the process of urban development nature space has been reduced, street space has become more dangerous for the children to play, whereas public parks are hardly exist. Lack of play space, play facilities as well as spatial diversity has limited children's play environments that children play in rather small area, mostly in immediate vicinity of their homes and school. School ground in the school range and “halaman, ” a small house front-yard in the home range, are found in this study as two major play spaces used by the children. A few number of children's play spaces are dispersed outside of the two ranges in a spatial discontinuity. The study is intended to provide preliminary input data for the improvement direction of children's play space development and planning by considering the impact of comprehensive consolidation of parks and greenery in Indonesia.

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Vacant lots would be children's play space possesses the nature and nearness, but we often find them enclosed by fences. Then I researched about them and the relation between fencing and urbanization, for the purpose of showing their actual condition and being of use to open space planning. The result of the research, I found 219 vacant lots on the fixed area of 900 ha in Matsudo City, 93 out of them (account for 42%) were fenced. In the area, the total areas of vacant lots were as wide as those of parks, and it was confirmed that the rate of fenced vacant lots went up with urbanization, which showed the actual condition of vacant lots in built-up area and their potential value.

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Urban parks management is one of important tasks. The purpose of this study is to make clear what the characteristics of city park management by analyzing the cost of maintenance and management.
From the management cost analysis in each prefecture all over Japan (from1970 to 1993) and five national government parks, the characteristics of managing parks were discovered.
Consequently following knowledge has been acquired, which has something to do with the management of city parks.
1) A unit management cost of prefecture in the metropolitan area is high level.
2) Park type is a primary factor of the management cost performance. For instance, park management of nature typed park in National Government Park is low cost performance.

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Analysis of the systems employed by local governmental organizations in Japan for selecting sculpture installation projects for public spaces reveals the following. There appear to be four basic systems. Firstly, there is the ‘outdoor sculpture exhibition’ system. This system aims to acquire new pieces by holding an exhibition of such works. Secondly, there is ‘the purchasing of existing works’ system in which appropriate pieces are selected from works already created. Then there is the ‘sculpture symposium’ system in which a symposium is held with the intent to acquire already existing works. Lastly, there is the ‘order made’ system in which original works are commissioned to an artist. In this system, the location of the installation can be factored into its production. There have been variations on each of these basic systems and modified versions have therefore also developed.

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A comparative study on the consciousness of residents to street trees with different cutting formula. The purpose of this study is to clarify the difference of consciousness to the street trees with different cutting formula. Two streets with same species street trees were chosen as study areas. Tree branches of one of those streets have been cut severely, while those of another street have been cut slightly. Questionaires were taken to compare the consciousness to the street trees between the residents live along the streets with different cutting formula. The effects of street trees are recognized better along the street with slighter cutting formula. Further more, claims against street trees were lesser to the slighter cutting formula. The results suggest that the claims to the street trees, such as fallen leaves and invisibility to the signboards, are buried when the street trees formula are kept so beautiful. On the contrary, claims may increase more when branches of street trees are cut severely.

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An observation and questionnaire survey pertaining to fences (and walls) built along boundary lines was conducted in six residential areas in Tokyo to develop a database for designing detached houses and lots. In total 480 building lots were observed and 120 residents responded to a questionnaire on how they determined the form and material of fences and how they felt about them, with special attention to avoiding views of street passersby and neighbors. Fencing (and walling) forms and roles differed according to their locations, i.e., street front vs. lot boundary side. Street front fences as residents expected were primarily for avoiding views from outside while allowing some visual permeability through to feel outside atmospheres from inside. Lot boundary side fences were conceived to be excessively protective against external views and were expected to be improved if allowing neighbor communications to some extent while marking lot boundaries clearly. Fencing forms therefore need to be determined on due consideration of viewing and being-viewed relationships in the process of site and housing design.

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Edible Landscape means the environment composed of edible plants. This study aimed at analyzing the relationship between the residents' memories of their childhood age collecting edible plants or other things and today's edible landscape surrounding them, comparing three different residential areas by the questionnaire survey. As a result these following points are made clear: 1) The experience of childhood age touching edible landscape has strong relationship to today's edible landscape of their private area. 2) The describing of individual meaning to the edible plants by residents shows various context binding the element of the meaning of edible landscape. 3) The edible landscape in public land missed such multiple meanings like the edible plants in private gardens, etc.

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Aiming at obtaining basic data for building guidelines to plan and design verandas of multi-storied housing complexes, an interview/questionnaire survey at 78 units and observations at 34 units were conducted in five housing complexes in Tokyo Metropolitan City through analyzing the features of veranda usage by the residents, their concerns on plant-raising at verandas, and layout of potted plants there.
Interview survey has shown their high motivation of keeping veranda for their amenity, determinant coefficient has proved that the total area of veranda is in proportion to the plantless area where the residents flow and work, and the observations has identified that they place plants, although affected by their heights and volumes, where they enjoy the view from the inside living room, before the fence for the ventilation and lighting, where they have deep width, and where they have no cloth pole to do housework.
All these surveys, however, have also implied that there remains more, concerning veranda usage, to take into consideration such as to make use of and subsequently improve the facade of the whole complex, and to have stable heat environment. Plant-raising at veranda and building guideline for its spatial design and planning thus needs further in-depth examination in the future.

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In urban areas, private gardens' vegetation contributes to neighborhood environmental quality. Recently, People have expected increased wildlife habitat, improved streetscape, and others tool of community development. To consider these roles, it is important to investigate attitudes of residents regarding their gardens in Megurnino, Hokkaido. In order to understand residential perception and management, we carried out a questionnaire survey concerning vegetated flowers in front yards. The results are as follows. The strongest motivation of gardening is the act of planting. Other motivation factors include nonspecified, food production, and increase of family or neighborhood interaction. People wanted more knowledge about plants or gardening. The type of motive about gardening has influenced residents' perceptions, management, vegetation, and front yard flower arrangements.

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In order to stimulate voluntary action by local residents towards greenery improvement, there is a need for a strong leadership role within the area. And for the training programs to be effective, it is essential from the very start o correctly assess the level of ‘problem awareness’ that the applicants have and mould course contents according to this level and the applicant's wishes. Therefore, at this Institute, a questionnaire survey has been conducted. This has been aimed at those who wish to attend lectures at the facilities opened by hlvogo Prefecture about cultivating leaders to promote greenery activities within the local area. This has been carried out in order to obtain some understand as to the applicants' reasons for applying and their motivations. Results reveal that, due to differing age factors and past experience in town planning and town development, the applicants' reasons for applying differ greatly. As a conse-quence, the course contents they wish to study also differ accordingly. Results also show that the relationship between the applicant's reasons and the program contents seem to have a fixed pattern, a feature which is most obvious when looking at the male applicants in the retirement ago grouping.

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This study deals with the planting activity at Minamiashiyahama Apartment Complex which aim at community formation. The purpose of this paper is to make clear the ideal method of supporting planting activity through typing the participant's opinions.
As a result, it is important that participants develop activity from natural factor into living factor. And we found two effective supports.1) Support to private activities about natural factor. 2) Support to process construction through taking part type support.

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It is important for public support to consider the local character and the realities of voluntary associations. The study is based on the survey of 19 voluntary associations in Tanba area where is surrounded by the mountains. By the survey about the activity and the management, we proposed the ideal of the public support. As the results, four types of associations are found by the deferences the base, the motivation and the independent stance. The first type is included in the community council. The second type is the network for the growth of the town. The third type takes partial of the administration. The last type is the circle of interest. Public support is different from evry types. In Tanba area, the community council is the key association to the town planning. It is most important to support the first type carefully.

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Tenjin-cho 3-4-5 cho-me, Suma Word, Kobe City, is one of the called “Shiroji-Area” on the reconstruction process, after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, as no support have been given from municipal government. In this article, we report the process of the residents 2 activity, analyze their consciousness of the problems of their community and evaluation of their activity, . As a result, the following is made clear. The residents are eager to participate in the reconstruction process and have been engaged in solution of their problem. But it is difficult to management and get result of their activity, because they are in conflict with Kobe City government on artery projects and have no support yet.

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Street performance can be enjoyed in a body free from time and spatial restriction. This study analyzed the characteristics of human behavior where street performance is being given, especially focused on its time and spatial features.
4 places were selected as samples of linear space and plane space which constitute open space. The same performers gave the same show at each place. We recoded the human behavior around the performers with 2 video cameras put at higher locations. Through these videos, we analyzed the relationships between the stop-and-watch actions induced at the performance place and their locations.
As a result, we clarified that human behavior is affected by interpersonal actions, spatial features and distance from performers.

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Recently, the bicycle traffic is one of the most useful way of transportation, but it has a lot of problem in urban area.
The aim of this study is to investigate the requirements to planning a bicycle-friendly environment based upon behavioral study of its users.
In this study, the relationship between users' behavior and bicycle using environment had been analyzed. For the purpose, we have asked users consideration of route choice and park choice in access trip to the Ohashi station, Minamiku, Fukuoka.
As a result of this study, the distribution of origins, destinations and routes which chouse by users are characterized by bicycle user's behavior.

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Recent years, it became one of the serious problems that the number of the vacancy of commercial facilities at the neighborhood centers is increasing. This study aims to analyze the changes of the situation around residential areas and examine the planning, maintenance, and management methods of neighborhood centers. The results of this study are as follow;(1) In the planning method, the one-center system is not effective to cope with the commercial facilities existing densely in the surrounding area. The location and the accessibility from the surrounding area became more important.(2) In the maintenance and management method, it is necessary for activating neighborhood centers to repair and improve the facilities more sooner and abolish the limitation of the shop type.(3) The residents of the commercial facilities begin to consider their activities as the town management. In the neighborhood centers, more spaces for the activities such as wide and flat open spaces and multipurpose spaces in the commercial facilities are needed.

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This paper deals with public bath “Sentoh” in Nerima, Tokyo which has been utilized by urban residents. The purpose of this study is 1) to seize location of it under suburbanization after the war and 2) to make clear behaviorial spatial order through physical spatial formation around it. The former analysis of the study focused on the hierarchy of road and the accumulation of housing while the latter one focused on the distribution and the business status of stores. From the analysis, we found that public bath “Sentoh” shows tendency to locate in the center of commercial facilities which people stay for longer time and it plays an important part as frontier of urban communities' expansion, and so on.

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The aim of this study is to seek how to conserve the historical district where traditional houses have already rebuilt considerably, investigating the typology of the traditional town houses at the core district of Ohishida Town in Yamagata Prefecture. The results are as follows: 1) Generally in historical site-building types of Oishida, there is the device to maintain a dwelling environment. They have built their houses around northwest side of the site and as a result on the other side they have a court for ventilation and daylighting. This system is useful for the town planning of this district also nowadays. 2) For the conservation of the streetscape, it is useful to restore the court which has faced the street, besides the restoration of the facade of traditional town houses.

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This paper aims to clarify when and how the tourist destination area called Tateyama-Kurobe Alpine Route had been formed, and what kind of issues between development and nature conservation had been disputed in Toyama prefecture. Based on some historical records, the minutes of the proceedings, and evidence obtained from interview survey, the analysis was conducted.
Main finding are as follows;
1) The formative process can be devided into four stages; in first stage, the development of water-power resources was prepared (1919-1951), in second stage, the development of water-power resources was on full scale and tourism development was prepared (1952-1958), in third stage, many public enterprises were put into practice (1959-1965), in final stage, tourism development was enlarged (1966-).
2) When Tateyama-Kurobe Alpine Route opened and passed from OMACHI to TATEYAMA, the movement of nature conservation had became active.
3) As various developments advanced, the point at issues between development and nature conservation in Toyama prefecture had changed from landscape conservation to detailed ones, for example, the protection of rare species and the greening after construction.

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In Yakushima Island, which was designated as a World Natural Heritage in 1993, eco-tourism is developing remarkably. This paper divides the factors that contributed to the development of eco-tourism of Yakushima Island in Japan to two factors, one is main factors ((1) natural, historical and cultural resources, (2) growing number of tourists with better transportation facilities) and the other is caused factors ((3) the nature conservation problems becoming obvious as seen in the Johmon Cedar measures, (4) drawing up of the Yakushima Island Environmental and Cultural Village plan by Kagoshima Prefecture, (5) the designation as a World Natural Heritage and the support by administrations and (6) the changing the former stereotyped development typified in as Seibu Rindoh Path problem), and clarifies the movement and characteristics in recent years by analyzing these factors.

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Drawings of Hyouichi Shiihara, Landscape Architect who practiced extensively through Taisho and prewar Showa period, have been analyzed in order to identify the meanings and function of plan drawing in the design process of modern landscape architecture. It revealed that the plan drawings had functioned as a medium for design study by the designer him/her self, as a mean to transmit information regarding physical attributes of space and landscape to the others, and as a tool to express and confirm the internal thoughts and idea of the designer. Also, as the field of landscape design practice expanded and design solutions for a wide variety of spatial program was required, quality and amount of information carried by the plan drawing became more complicated and function as a medium to enhance communication between designers and clients, collaborators and contractors has been emphasized.

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In order to develop a habitat planning method for wetland birds, a case study was done in Michinoku National Government Park in Miyagi prefecture, northeastern Japan. Actual vegetation map (scale 1/2, 000) and point buffers of 395 recorded bird locations were overlaid using GIS. Three groups (guilds) of birds were identified by cluster analysis, and composition of the vegetation for each guild was classified by discriminant analysis. Then, birds' potential habitat map (distribution of suitable habitats for each guild) was drawn as grid map based on information of vegetation composition. Finally, two types of simulated habitat maps were drawn based on two vegetation change scenarios.

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This paper aims to identify the effect of forest structure and its history on herbs of secondary forest in hill area, in Hiki Hills, Saitama, Japan. Forest structures of every forest sites in the study area were studied in relation with forest vegetation, land use histories, accessibility.
This vegetation survey showed that coniferous forests with understory dominated by deciduous species were richer in species than other forest types, especially Raunkiaer's plant life form types G and H. Pine forests with shrub layers dominated by bamboo grass Pleioblastus chino or evergreen species were very species poor. And coniferous forests with low-density shrub layers were poor in grassland species.
Another survey using aerial photographs in 1947 revealed that current coniferous forests with deciduous understories had been forest vegetation in 1947, however pine forests had been used as grassland in the remote areas from settlements. These results showed that herbs in secondary forest were strongly affected by not only current forest structures but also historical land use. Especially, former grasslands made current forests species poor, because it had lacked biodiversity as forest plant communities. Also, grassland had been reduced its members by vegetation succession. Historical land use and its distribution were very important factors to conserve rural biodiversity.

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From the Edo to early Meiji periods, Japanese farmers depended on “green fertilizer” and fodder collected from the woodland and grassland surrounding villages. Farm communities balanced the conflicting needs to expand fields while maintaining sufficient woodland and grassland. This was especially important in the northern Kanto Plains where relatively flat topography placed few limits on land use. To determine how much woodland and grassland farmers maintained under traditional agriculture in the northern Kanto Plains, we analyzed by GIS the agricultural landscape depicted in the Rapid Survey Map, or Jinsoku-sokuzu, a land use map drawn by the Japanese Army in the 1880's. We digitized two adjacent maps surveyed in 1881 of Ushiku and Okami villages in southern Ibaraki Prefecture. Three transects were set up across the plateau between the narrow river valleys. GIS analysis found that woodland and grassland comprised about 60% of the landscape. Within transects, villages were located near the ends close to the rice fields. Upland fields occupied intermediate locations on the plateau. Woodland and grassland comprised large proportions of the central plateau. Grasslands were farthest away from villages probably because they were common land utilized by several villages, and because periodic burning was dangerous to villages.

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We studied the process of landscape in the urbanizing area. The land-use maps of year of 1971, 1988 and 1996 were quantified by using the GIS. The change of land-use type and its patch size were focused and analyzed. The social changes such as urbanization or a policy of reducing acreage under cultivation were reflected in total area of each land-use type and dynamics of large patches. Detailed quantification of patch size let us found dynamics of small patches and patch fragmentation. The changes of small patches often followed the large developments at the around of their sites. While areas of changing to forest were reduced, those of inhabited area ware remarkably increased. Recently, rate of land change was gained.

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Aral sea began to shrink rapidly due to much water consumption in irrigated agriculture in the basin from the 1960s. There rapid changes will give adversely influences on the biological environment of these area. So, it is important to monitor these area. In this study, we analyzed the vegetation fluctuations and succession of the former bottom area of Aral sea quantitatively and temporally. And the trend of vegetational could be grasped in these area.In dry bottom areas, nearer the old coast, the vegetation quantity has recently been increasing which is expressed by about 200 SNDVI value. On the other hand, in the new coast area, vegetation quantity is still small with about 240 SNDVI value.

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We attempted to evaluate what people felt, concerning factors of sequential landscape at Biei, Hokkaido, northern Japan. The following are the results of this study. Profiles of subjects were less related to the evaluation. Furthermore, the preference score rose when sky, mountains, or farmland in the foreground existed in a picture. Video pictures were classified into four landscape types;(1) grass land slope, (2) near forest, (3) prospect and near farmland and (4)“prospect” or “relatively open scenery”. We inferred that people had a tendency to feel favorable when presented a sequence of open scenery. Conversely, they feel unfavorable when presented a sequence of closed scenery.

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As coastal use increases, various problems concerning the coastal environment and user conflict have happened. To grasp these coastal user perceptions about coastal environments, landscapes and other users is helpful for management of these areas. The oral survey of coastal users was conducted at Ishikari Coast, Hokkaido in the summer of 1999. In this survey, coastal users were asked to evaluate 18 photos of coastal landscapes, to mention open-ended descriptions associated with ‘Coast’ and ‘Ishikari Coast’ and to talk about their knowledge and thought for coastal environment and management. These results were summarized as follows:
1) Use of place selection was dependent on their activities and management of these places.
2)‘Coast’ reminded users of objective images about the coast or activities pertaining to them. The other, ‘Ishikari Coast’, reminded users of subjective features about this place or knowledge, they have.
3) User evaluation of coastal landscape and user thought about environment depended on their coastal activities. This tendency was especially negative concerning human impact, while most users preferred natural landscapes.

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Six sidewalk-scopes and six roadway-scopes with different combinations of street planting, which were synthesized by photomontage method, were analyzed by PM method, and the principal component analysis was applied to the evaluations. Following results were obtained. 1) Two principal components were obtained in sidewalk-and roadway-scope, respectively. They were interpreted as the functionality and the amenity of both scopes. 2) A negative correlation was observed between the functionality of sidewalk and that of roadway. 3) It was suggested that an arbor planting makes the functionality of sidewalk increase, but makes that of roadway decrease. 4) And it was also suggested that shrub planting cut at the height of knee makes the functionality of sidewalk increase, but not that of roadway. From these results, it was concluded that 1) under certain circumstances, the arbor planting and the shrub planting give different impressions to pedestrians and drivers, 2) a street-scape should be evaluated integratedly from points of pedestrians and drivers and 3) increasing street planting does not always lead to a good road.

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In this study, we developed a landscape visualization system by using VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language). We developed a converter from measured data of trees to VRML format. A tree was visualized with 2 textured planes. We also made a database of two-dimensional tree images of several growth stages from 3-D plant shape generated by AMAP (a plant modeling system that produces very precise 3-D plant shape). With the developed system, landscape of Koishikawa Korakuen Gardens with 2980 trees (91 species) was visualized for validation of the system. Byusing the system, walk through simulation of the Gardens was possible in spite of the huge number of trees because one scene can be made only in few seconds. We also compared photo-realistic images of the Gardens made by AMAP system with the images made by the system developed in this study. The system can produce almost same quality images by AMAP while AMAP took about several-ten minutes to make a scene. In conclusion, the system, developed in this study, can produce a very high quality images and will be used for landscape visualization and prediction practically with very low cost.

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Riversides in urban area are valuable space to be realized safety and comfortable community space.
And when making planning and design of riversides, to take in intention of inhabitants of the community is necessary.
The purpose of this study is to understand psychological images of riversides in urban area.
We did observation of waterside. And we considered the riversides images to apply “semantic differential technique”.
The results are as follows.
1) By brain storming of authors, we acquired 31 kinds of indexes, which are concern with riversides. And we showed structure of riversides image through the indexes.
2) We considered “fluctuation of evaluation” and got a few informations to executeriversides observation.
3) According to apply two axes of “season difference” and “differences between individuals”, we acquired a few knowledge on riversides design.

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The purpose of this paper is to recognize and clarify the alteration of the relationship between the town visitors' spatial preference and their behavior through the town experience. We interviewed with town visitors using the Sphere Graphic Method at Jingumae area, Shibuya ward, and analyzed the data with Geographic Information System and Cluster Analysis. The conclusions are follows. 1. The relation between preference sphere and behavior sphere has altered as visitors have experienced the town. 2. This alteration is observed not monotonic but bending process. 3. Through town experience, the visitors' preference sphere and behavior sphere become broadened and diverse and visitors structure the town in each one's way.

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