To analyze the development of the ability of gardening and civil engineering in the end of the medieval period, Muromati, I investigated the diary and documents of the Kitano Shrine in this thesis. It is clear, that during this period, like Sanjyo or Kawaramono; these were an oppressed people performing various kindof labor. It can also be concluded that they were not only engaged in gardening but also Kiyome which is described as the labor of cleaning streets, wells, defilements and so on. Kawaramono had occupied special position in gardening. Zaike (farmers), Jinin, and others were also engaged in those labor for cleaning street, gardening, civil engineering. Due to diversity of the tasks required, dictated by many different authorities; these people developed a heightened level of skill, which resulted in the creation of their own profession.

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There were many gardeners who sold trees at Osaka in the Edo period (Fig.1). Kichisuke's store at Kozu was the biggest of all (Fig.2). The stores at the Tenma Shrine, Kitano-teramachi (Fig.3) and Shitadera-machi managed to sell trees for visitors at shrines and temples. At Shinmachi where there were licensed quarters, gardeners opened stores only at festival days in spring. The stores at Doton-bori and Nanba-shinchi had sold trees for visitors who enjoyed Kabuki drama.Many gardeners opened their stores at crowded places out of the city, so they got places to plant trees temporarily. They holded auction markets to sell trees all over Japan and organized their guild. These were the reasons why the gardener's stores had developed.
On the other hand, there were flower shops in Osaka. The stores around the Tenma Shrine and the Minami Mido Temple sold flowers which were offered to their family altars. Those flowers were produced at Tama-tukuri near the Osaka Castle instead of vegetables.

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This paper deals with Rikugien in terms of “vist to the garden” in the late 18th centry. Rikugien was a garden of Nobutoki Yanagisawa's residence and located in the suburbs of the city of Edo. He lived there after his retirement in 1773. Nobutoki occasionaly showed his garden to his vassals and thier family, the family of laidies in waiting and maids, his friends and others. Outsiders who wanted to see the garden asked to permit through an intermediary; the staff, his friends, and the merchants and workmen who worked for him. The garden accepted various visitors into the residence that usually closed to the outsiders. The number of visitors increased after 1780 when Nobutoki made a chrysanthemum bed in the garden. This time corresponds to one when outings to the suburbs became popular in the city.

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‘Kaikokuzakki’ was an account of a journey, with many Japanese traditional poems, Chinese poems and haikai's, in the Muromachi Era, the late 15th century. In the official pilgrimage, the author visited a lot of places that had never been known as ‘Utamakura’ having been established until the Middle Ages. There seems to break away from ideas for noted places that had been made almost only by ‘Utamakura’, in the point of view supposed in ‘Kaikokuzakki’. With the viewpoint based on amusing and playful attitude, he heard histories from people of visited places and expressed interests for various things, purely born in his mind, especially with haikai's. The way of expressions about the places in this account reveals the features in his devotion to the name of them as a phrase. In this paper, it is important that he wrote about places and landscapes with his amusing and playful mind in ‘Kaikokuzakki’, for study on the current of writing about places and landscapes, from accounts of a journey in the Middle Ages to guidebooks of noted places in the Edo Period.

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It is important to clarify the evolution of the landscape appreciation in the ontogenetic process and in the phylogenetic's for the estimation of future preference on the landscape by human being. To find the first appreciation of landscape, the birth of landscape painting was examined in the history of painting and estimated at the Roman era in Europe and at the Former Han Dynasty in China. It proves the simultaneous phylogenetic evolution of landscape appreciation in the different cultural spheres. To find the evolution of the ontogenetic process, the first memory of the natural landscape in their lives were examined using the questionnaire survey to the landscape photographers. More than a half of respondents could remember the memory until 16 years old and could draw the image until 18 years old. The image showed the evolution process of the landscape appreciation from the prospect-refuge type at the primary stage to the advanced panoramic type with distant objects. Both results concluded the longer period of landscape experiences to breed the landscape appreciation of today.

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The first National Park of Taiwan is established in1982, but the first National Park project was made during Japanese colony era.
This study aims to find out 1) the history of establishing a Taiwan National Park before the World War II, 2) the process of selecting the areas of Taiwan National Parks, and 3) investigating the differences of the concerned person's opinions of the purpose of establishing a Taiwan National Park.

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This study aims to analyze conception of wildlife protection (hereinafter referred to as WP) and its changes in Wildlife Protection and Hunting Law and its system in Japan.
The study was mainly conducted and resarched by going through the past amended laws and related literature.
As the conclusions, the study has clarified the follows,
i) conception of WP has evolved, along with time, in the light of putting emphasis on reinforcement of WP,
ii) purposes and roles of WP has changed from “for the benefit of agriculture and forestry” to “for the benefit of biodiversity”.
iii) an object of WP has lately included not only species and an individual but also population.

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Kiyoshi INOSHITA erwähnte die Erhaltungsprobleme der geschichtlichen, landschaftlichen and natürlichen Denkmäler als Landschaftsarchitekt. Er veröffentlichtete 1927 and 1932 zwei Abhandlungen über Verwirklichung der Erhaltung der Denkmäler. Da der Begriff über diese Denkmäler and Kulturerbe gar nicht bekannt war and man die Bedeutung der Erhaltung nicht genug verstand, hat man nicht gewußt, wie sie ihnen so wichtig waren. Es galt auch teils für Wissenschaftler. Doch, sie waren wichtig für sie. Sie waren zwar die Untersuchungsobjekte aber keine Objekte für die Erhaltung. Für die Geschäftsmänner sind sie ökonomische Objekte. In seinen Abhandlungen kritisierte er keine Rücksicht auf totale Landschaft. INOSHITA hat sich mit dem Wiederaufbauprogramm der Stadt Tokio nach dem Kanto-Großerdbeben beschäftigt. Damals behandelte er die Restaurierungsarbeit der Japanischen Gärten innerhalb der Stadt Tokio als ein Beamter des Gartenamtes. Aus dieser Erlebnis hat er das Projekt der gespendeten Gärten als ein Praxis der Verwirklichung der Erhaltung befördrt.

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The aim of this study is to make clear the connection between the landscape forming methods and rock arrangement in Chinese gardens built in Ming and Qing Periods. Through the investigation of historical literature and field measurements, the history of rock arrangement methods was summarized.
Furthermore, a quantitative analysis was conducted based on the drawings, pictures and other graphic data obtained. The results of the study are outlined as follows: Based on the characteristics of rock arrangement in the Chinese gardens, it is noticed that there is an intimate relationship between the rock arrangement techniques and landscape forming. This immanent relationship is exemplified specifically by two types of rock arrangement methods-standalone rock and imitation mountain. In short, the arrangement of rocks, plays a critical role in the composition of Chinese gardens built on flat ground.

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This study aims to research the relationship between garden and buildings. We investigated Yeongyeongdang in the Changduggung that was upper-class house of Chosun period. The major buildings of Yeongyeongdang that were arranged by Fungsui theory. The other buildings were arranged according to the line of Sarangche and Anche. The walls surrounding each garden were followed the line of Sarangche and Seonhangjea. Therefore we could point out two axis definding garden of Yeongyeongdang. Each garden has slightly elevated area adjusted to each building and this area rectangular shape. Conclusively, garden and building of Yeongyeongdang have intimately relation that is definded by structural composition.

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This paper summarizes the features of spatial structure of royal and residential gardens in China and compares the linkage types of “Wuyu”(Wuyu is the general term for building of differential structure in the Chinese gandens) in these gardens based on extensive field study on the “Wuyu” in these gardens around China, and concludes that in royal gardens, there are more linkage types among such “Wuyu's” as doors, halls and garrets; while in residential gardens, there are more linkage types among such “Wuyu's” as pavilions, corridors and accommodations.

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The English Cottage Garden was approved of a new garden style among the bourgeoisie from the end of 19 C. to the beginning of 20 C. About the nature view of this new cottage garden, I have analyzed under the books of Gertrude Jekyll, Garden Designer. Conclusion is below. Jekyll had studied the beauty of the Nature, respected the traditional techniques and regarded the plants, especially the native plants as important. The formation of Jekyll's nature view is influenced of the ideology of the garden journalist and the design of the architect as a collaborator. But, it is important that Jekyll's nature view has been succeeded to the modern ideology about the nature preservation.

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Louis-Martin Van der Swaelmen (1883-1929), a Belgian landscape architect-urbanist, played an important part in the garden city mouvement and in the construction of garden suburbs in Belgium after the First World War. An examination of his works of garden suburb planning and his four articles published from 1919 to 1929 revealed the relationship between garden suburbs and regional planning. The garden suburb was considerd the principal structural element in regional planning, and a rational regional planning was formulated by a network of garden suburbs involving standardized housing design and organic site planning. Clearly phased plans were made in order of importance for the first time in Belgium.

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For the discussion to clarify the influence of Modern Art on the designers and their works of which modernism of American landscape has consisted, the initial hypothesis is developed and formed. As the beginning, the hyothesis is examined and evaluated by the pre-existing discussions relating to this subject. The result shows the both, the facts already proved through those discussions, and the others still unrevealed. The hyopothesis is to be reconsidered regarding the outcomes of this research.

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In this historical study, I examined an Osaka City report on homelessness in parks and a reportage on homelessness in Tennoji Park in 1920s. The purpose is to make clear how the administrations had recognized homelessness in parks as social problems in Osaka in 1920s. Through this study, the followings are made clear: 1) Although the administrations had to recognized that homelessness came from the social structure, the unemployment problem, 2) they had rather tended to represent homelessness as idlers from view of labor discipline. In fact, the administrations had tried to make people internalize labor discipline thorough representing homelessness a symbol of dis-labor-discipline. 3) Although the administrations built a tent for homeless people in Tennoji Park in 1925, they permitted the people recognized as who had labor will, and they tried to kick another people out from the park.

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The aim of this paper is to investigate the development of sanitary politics through the analysis of the conceptions of park disposition planning in Tokyo City Planning Committee in 1888-89, which discussed the Council's plan (1885) as the original. It was clarified that the Committee's plan had a tendency to concentrate small parks in Kanda-Ku (one of central districts of Tokyo). It seems that the sanitary administration intended to concentrate open spaces in Kanda-Ku to improve the sanitary environment as a supplement to incomplete drainage system. As former study says, an influence of sanitary thoughts seems to be reduced in the Committee compared to the Council, but it should not be related directly to the weakening of sanitary administration in that time. On the contrary, it seems reasonable to suppose that after the terrible prevalence of cholera in 1888, the sanitary administration had been shifting their position to more basic environmental improvements such as water supply or drainage system or architectural regulation. As to the recognition of parks and open spaces, their primary concem had been a function of open space for prevention of epidemics, and the recognition of parks and spaces that utilized by citizens seems to be relatively reduced compared to the time of the Council.

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This paper involves the stadys of the history of Pine (Pinus spp.) Bonsai in China. The results of the findings are: 1 Pines were first cultivated as garden plants before Tang Period. These were mainly used as roadside trees during the Qin Period and as garden trees in the Han Period. The utilization of small pines in the garden was considered to be very popular during the Tang Period.
2 Old Pine and Pine Bonsai appeared in the Song Period.
3 During the Ming Period (a vary prosperous time), there was an emergence of the Pinus taiwanensis Bonsai from Tianmu and Huangshan mountain.
4 The expressed of Bonsai to mimic natural landscape was not developed until the Qing Period.
5 The diversification in techniques and cultivation has made Bonsai very popular during these contemporary times.

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Japanese Ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata), a native of East Asia, has now become one of the ornaments in Western Landscape. The objective of the study was to explain the early process of the introduction and spread of this plant to Germany, based on the articles of gardening or horticultural magazines published in the latter half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. The results were as follows:
1) Japanese Ivy (as Ampelopsis Roylei) was introduced to Germany before 1859.; 2) Japanese Ivy (as Ampelopsis Veitchii), which was put on the market by Messrs. J. Veitch and Sons.(U. K.) in 1868, was introduced to Germany immediately.; 3) About 1870, Japanese Ivy was on the market in Germany under some different names.; 4) By the end of the 19th century, it was planted effectively in some botanical gardens and parks, but not popularized.; 5) Since 1903-1904, it has been common on the market.; 6) Before World War I, it became widespred, especially in the South of Germany.; 7) At first Japanese Ivy was considered to be tender, but gradually it proved itself to be hardy.; 8) Its autumn colors, adhesive power and rapid growth were appreciated.; 9) It was used mainly for covering walls and tree trunks, and also for hanging pots and wreaths.; 10) It was propagated by cutting, seedling and grafting on Virginia creeper, but the result of cutting was not good.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the salt resistance of Sedum in order to determine if Sedum can be planted on seaside area.
(1) Salt tolerance was compared among 4 different Sedums (S. makinoi, S. mexicanum, S. oryzifolium and S.sarmentosum), that the shoot were soaked in seawater. In conclusion, S. sarmentosum, S. mexicanum and S. makinoi were sensitive to NaC1, whereas S. oryzifolium was considered most tolerant. Injury symptoms appearing on shoot were severest as Na content in shoot increased. And the shoot of salt tolerance was considerable in the water stress as compared with watering.
(2) On the other hand, the growth response of Sedums (S. mexicanum, S. oryzifolium) under combination of NaCl concentration (0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.0%) and treatment (watering and misting) was examined. The study evaluated the growth condition of the species using the fresh weight of the plant, number of shoot, and leaf water potentials. Injury symptoms appearing on shoot were watered with 2.5-3.0% NaCl concentration were severest that S. mexicanum withered and growth of S. oryzifolium is less vigorous. These results way suggest that Sedum could not maintain a salt concentration at a lower level by a suppressive function to salt uptake through the root. However, the shoot of salt tolerance was considerable when it was misted with the nutrient solution of NaCl.

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We examined effects to growth of cuttings of Salix babylonica. under the several water stress condition. Cuttings were changed several degree about the number of leaves. To observe a root system, it made water cuttings, and the water added polyethylene glycol to the flask and gave a dry stress. The cuttings selected same diameter one and adjusted the number of the leaves. In control, leaf number difference depended on the develops of the root and the more leaves there are, the more favorable it was. But the more leaves there are, the transpiration quantity increase. So in water stress condition, the one where there are few leaves was more favorable.

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The purposes of this study are to obtain a preliminary knowledge for the re-forestry of slope areas with endemic plants stored in a forest soils. The examination area was built on the road side slope in Kagawa pref. The altitude is about 200m, the direction of the slope surface is S34° W and the average gradient is 34°. On 16-18, March and 17-18, June 1997, the experimental soil was picked at three different points, first at a ridge area of the mountain, second at a middle area and third at a dale area of the same mountain and packed them in the jute sandbags. After two years the examination area is covered with many plants. The plants density are 4.4-13.1 stems/sqm and 15-26 spaces are confirmed in the one separated area. The predominant plants in this area are Mallotus japonicus, Rhus jauanica, Araria elata and other pioneer plants. In the area of ridge soil packing sandbags, a lot of Miscanthus sinensis spring up and hang over the other plants. The well covered areas by these plants are protected from soil erosion. The relation between the erosion ratio (%):(y) and the sum up plants coverage ratio (%):(x) is calculated and the regression equation is y=-0.11x+33.3 (r=-0.521*).

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In order to identify morphology and activity of root, one-fourth of the root system of Osmanthus aurantircus in containers were cut out. After a 16-month growth period, stem diameter, tree height, dry weight, of ground-above parts and root dry weight, morphology, TTC reduction by regenerated roots of cut and non-cut portions of root system were investigated. The results showed that the large containers had significantly larger dry weight of ground-above parts and big roots than small containers, and this trended more remarkable as plant growth proceeded. About external morphology of roots, branching intervals became shorter, big roots had smaller diameters, and newly-generated roots was less in smaller containers. These differences were more significant for roots in non-cut portions when compared with regenerated roots. About the internal morphology of fine root, roots in the non-cut portions had smaller cross-section diameters, and protoxylem was less compared to that in the cut portion. With regard to TTC reduction by roots, it trended to be lower in smaller containers than in larger containers, and lower in non-cut roots than in regenerated roots.

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The changes in amount and quality of rainfall accompaning pass the shrub plantings were investigated in urban planting area from May to October to clarify the effects of shrub planting on ion supply to soil by rainfall. Over 40% of precipitations were intersepted by shrub plantings in many cases. The pHs of throughfalls were higher than those of precipitations and were approximately 6-7. Ion concentrations were diluted when amount of rainfall increase. Ion concentrations without H⁺, alkalinity and inorganic nitrogen increased accompaning pass the shrub plantings. Amounts of K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^- in throughfall were 2-5 times of those of precipitation within the investigation period. It was estimated that over 70% of these ions were caused by leaching from plants in many cases. Amounts of inorganic nitrogen and SO₄^2- decreased accompaning pass the most of shrub plantings composed by broad-leaved trees. It is possible that inorganic nitrogen and SO₄^2- were absorped by leaves in some shrub plantings. 460 J.JILA 63 (5), 2000

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Holistic revegetation plans, which is very important to carry out the efficient and effective revegetation, are hardly made in most developmental projects in Japan. We designed the tentative plan for large artificial slopes around the Nukui Dam in Hiroshima Prefecture. At first, we compared the artificial slopes' visibility from human to decide the order of revegetation priority. We calculated the visible areas of each slopes using GIS spatial analysis tool, and clarified the priority quantitatively. Secondary, the spatial distributions of the representative communities were analyzed by vegetation maps to set the objective vegetation. Quercus serrata community was most widely distributed around the dam site. Pinus densiflora community consisted of small patches placed in ridges. In contrast, Zelkoua serrata-Fagus japonica community was placed in valley. Finally, we selected six dominant tree species which existed in these communities, and investigated the geographical features of their habitats, slope aspect and degree. Quercus glauca and Q. salicina were limited in slopes to the south or southeast. Slope degree did not restrict their habitat strongly. We concluded that Q. serrata community is the best as the general target vegetation. Another species should be selected according to the slope aspect and topography.

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To study the relationship between thinning intensity and regeneration by sprouts of main woody species in secondary forest of Pine mass-dieback, regeneration of sprouts occurring in 3 years following the cut under 3 different thinning intensity, were investigated for 5 woody species, Ilex pedunculosa, Lyonia oualifolia, Eurya japonica, Rhododendron reticulatum and Abelia serrata. Patterns of the number and elongation of sprouts by age were observed as a convex pattern with a peak in tree species, I. pedunculosa and L. oualifolia, whereas those were observed as a constant pattern in shrub species, E. japonica and R. reticulatum. The number and elongation of sprouts showed significant differences in I. pedunculosa and L. oualifolia at a clear-cut area. According to the results, when the cutting age is about 30 years, I. pedunculosa and L. oualifolia tend to dominate. The clear-cutting seems to increase the relative dominance ratio in I. pedunculosa and L.ovalifolia, which are originated from sprouts.

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This paper aims to make clear a situation of Prunus jamasakura in abandoned coppice woodlands, in order to conserve the seasonal landscape and bio-diversity in urbanized area.“Kohnosu-yama Forest Reserve” was surveyed as the case study site. The results are as follows: 1) The site is mainly covered by such broad-leaved evergreen trees as Castanopsis cuspidata and Machilus Thunbergii, however broad-leaved deciduous trees such as P. jamasakura and Quercus serrata still remain and compose mixed forest. 2) P. jamasakura appears rather north side slope than south side slope. 3) Wide canopy is considered as an important factor for flowering of P. jamasakura. 4) For the conservation and restoring attractive flowering of P. jamasakura, it is necessary to remove or thinning out the surrounding evergreen trees.

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Semi-natural grassland in Mt.Higashiotafukuyama was investigated to clarify the actual vegetational conditions and its grassland management. In 1948, this grassland covered an area of 59ha, but it was reduced to only 7ha in 1995 by afforestation, succession and development of golf course. The fragmented grassland was divided into three vegetational types (typical type, Arundinella hirta lower type and typical lower type) by the floristic composition. The differentiation of three vegetaional types seems to be caused by the method of management. Typical type dominated by Pleioblastus distichus was the lowest species diversity. This type was under the condition of no cutting. Arundinella hirta lower type dominated by Arundinella hirta and Aliscanthus sinensis was higher species diversity and was in one time cutting per every two or three years and removal of cutted plants. It seemed that these types were not suitable for species richness and physiognomy compared with other grasslands. We proposed more suitable management of this grassland, one time cutting per year and removal of cutted plants.

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In order to clarify the actual conditions of an endangered species Eupatorium fortunei, its geographical distribution, floristic composition and soil conditions of the habitats were studied. According to reports of the Rivers Bureau in Ministry of Construction, Eupatorium fortunei was distributed in 15 rivers in Honshu and Shikoku. As a result of phytosociological investigation, 54 vegetation records with Eupatorium fortunei were obtained. These vegetation records were divided into 12 communities, which were mainly distributed on the semistable zone of the floodplain. Soil texture of Eupatorium fortunei habitat was sand, sandy loam, loam, or silt loam. Eupatorium fortunei seemed has been reduced, due to the destruction of floodplain by river improvement which is the main habitat of the species.

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For the purpose of keeping forests tall and increasing species diversity, we managed the vegetation by cutting lucidophyllous shrubs and bamboo grasses and so on, and leaving dominant trees like Pinus densiflora and Quercus serrata intact. Twelve fixed square plots were set in nine areas under the Satoyama Management Project in Hvogo Prefecture, and the vegetation has been investigated during three years after the management.
It turns out that the numbers of species have much increased after the management compared with that of before the management, especially in Rhododendro niphophiliniphophili-Pinetum densiflorae and Pruno pilosae-Quercetum serratae in Satoyama near the Sea of Japan. The species increased after the vegetation management are mainly the dominant ones of Fagetea crenatae.
The management of vegetation in this manner is effective for the maintenance and increase of species diversity in Satovama.

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The land use pattern and the vegetation structure of “yatsuda” landscape were studied as a basic study for conservation of the spicies-diversity in“yatsuda”.“Yatsuda” is the agricultural ecosystem in the narrow marsh-valley in hills, which change has been recently remarkable.Three kinds of study site were chosen in Chiba City as follows; traditional paddy feild in marsh-valley, consolidated paddy field in marsh-valley, and consolidated paddy field in open plains.
In marsh-valleys, the large parts of traditonal paddy field were abandanded and changed to grassland. The number of species per unit area, the proportion of perennial plants and hydrophyte were apparently large at the marsh-valley, particularly at traditional paddy, where soil moisture was significantly higher. Many rare species in Chiba City were found in marsh-valley. The number of species at dug irrigatiton cannal of traditional paddy was remarkably large, compared to that at concrete irrigatiton cannal. The high species-diversity in marsh-valley suggests that the total conservation of “yatsuda” landscape including forests on the terrace scarp is necessary to keep the uniqueness of “yatsuda” ecosystem.

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We carried out this study on abandoned rice fields at Nakaikemi (Tsuruga City, Fukui Prefecture). Our objectives were to establish methods for conserving water and wetland plant habitats, including rare and threatened species. There have been only few case studies for the conservation of rare and threatened species up to now, because these species were once common in traditional rice fields and ditches throughout Japan. Our results showed that, to conserve these species and their habitats, it is an effective method to carry out land management following local farmer's usual practices such as plowing of rice fields, regulation of water level, maintenance of ditches and mowing.

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To discuss the conservation of frogs in urban area, Schlegel's green tree frog, one of major rural animals in Japan, was surveyed on south Tama-hills. It was recognized that the quantity of male adult frogs counted matching calls had a relationship with habitat's requirement. There were only 10 habitats counted more then 30 males in all habitats (noted 77 points) on south Tama-hills.
The type of paddy field influenced the density of frogs, and it indicated the tendency of significance: heavy wet traditional paddy field > traditional paddy field > well-drained paddy field. The preservation of traditional paddy field was essential for Schlegel's green tree frog to survival in urban area.
The estimation of the local population determined by dispersal ability. It implied that most of habitats were critical populations. Because the risk of extinction on small-scale local populations will be increasing by habitats fragmentation with urbanization. We discussed the guidelines of habitat's planning and management for frogs, and the conservation of meta-population on all Tama-hills.

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The influence of landcover types on summer avifaunal composition inside and outside of the reclaimed site ofEXPO'70 Commemoration Park, was examined. Bird census sites were selected to represent different kinds of cover types. With the aid of ARC/INFO, GIS, all the landcover types were mapped and buffer layers of various widths were created at the sites to indicate the land mosaic in the vicinity. Beta (β) diversity differed significantly between inside and outside of the park although α diversity was not. Jacknife species richness was higher inside than outside of the park.CCA ordination revealed that bird species such as Long-tailed Tit (Aegithalos caudatus) preferred more natural sites.D ecidous and mixed forests were more contributory to forest bird species richness while open and lawn patches were dominated by urban species. Avifaunal differences between sites were attributed to the level of disturbance and the ultimate availability of species-specific micro-habitat requirements. In view of the rapid urbanization rates and fragmentation of forest patches in adjacent areas, the environmental value of the man-made plant communities in EXPO'70 park is underscored. By providing the necessary remedial measures at ecologically inferior sites, avian composition canb e manipulated to satisfy the set goals. These information can guide urban park managers when re-assessing their management actions.

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The purposes of this study was to clarify the influence of vegetation structure on avifauna during the breeding season in Nanasawa forest park (64.6ha) located in the suburbs of Tanzawa, Kanagawa Prefecture. The investigation, was done on vegetation and avifauna at twelve different study sites. Avifauna was censused during the breeding season in 1999. For vegetation investigation we examined the woods structure, especially layer structure.
As a results, we concluded that the grass layers influence increased the number of birds. Also that avifauna was differed by the difference in vegetation structure. Avifauna's diversity was under the influence of the shrub layer density and the relationship between the vegetation structure.

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To cralify the formation of the structure of forest stands created by ‘ecological tree planting’ techniqe in artificial islands and its potential for habitats of insects, the conditions of the stands and the insect fauna were investigated in an artificial island (on the fifteenth year after planting) and neighboring areas at Gobo city. In the island, the numbers of species and individuals of ground beetles such as silphid and carabid beetles were few, however, a large number of cicadas, particularly Cryptotympana facialis, were inhabiting in the island. The adult cicadas abounded in the stands showing well developed vegetation layers, and the upper layer were mainly composed of Machilus thunbergii and Elaecocarpus sylvestris. But most of the cicadas seemed to oviposit and/or moult into adults in the stands without such upper layer. In general, stands composed of Quercus phillyraeoides and Rhaphiolepis indica were utilized as oviposition and/or emergence place.

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The expansion of urban areas has formed urban-forest gradients of habitats in Japan. The gradient of habitats includes two components: shrinkage and isolation of the habitats, and the formation of habitat mosaics. 1 focused on effect of the forest fragmentation on the distribution of butterfly species with various life histories. We compared transect count data of butterflies recorded 18 sites in Osaka Prefecture, western Japan. Among these sites, 10 had secondary forests and 8 did not but had urban parks. Only 27 species out of 76 were recorded in 8 sites without secondary forests. The species richness and the abundance showed unimodal curve with a peak at 75% and 45% of the wooded area, respectively. The unimordal curves could be attributed to the distribution of food resources for the butterflies; Abundance of butterflies feeding on plants of mantle and veil correlated with the length of forest edge, which showed the unimordal curve along the changes in wooded area. The landscape mosaic enhanced the species richness of butterflies, however the univoltine or dwarf-bumboo feeding species decreased in the mosaic landscape.

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We investigated the relationships between the density of Lapidea amurensis adults and several environmental conditions in order to obtain the fundamental knowledges for the improvement of the condition that high density of adults can be active. As the result, the density of adults at the open grass field were large in comparison with the forest inside in spring. And the density of adults were large under the conditions with many flowers blooming. However, the density of adults decreased under the windy conditions. So it is considered that preparing the sunny and windless grass field with many flowers blooming is necessary for the improvement of the condition that many adults can be active.

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Though periphytic diatoms are major primary producer in most Japanese rivers, they are usually neglected in river conservation or renaturalization planning. In the present study I studied spatial variation of species composition of diatom assemblages in a river to find environmental factors influencing diatom assemblage diversity. Two study sites were set in the Oume City along the Tama-gawa River. Thirty-seven sampling points in total were located in the two sites. The results indicated that spatial variation of diatom species composition was strongly related to water body type. In the main channel spatial variation of species composition, so that gamma diversity of diatoms was relatively limited. Various kinds of water body such as side pools, springs, small pools fed by mainly precipitation are essential to maintain diatom assemblage diversity. Variety in water body type may easily disappear by modification of rivers and riverbanks, so consideration to keep the variety of water body along rivers is quite important.

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In order to elucidate seed dispersal at the floods, seed quantity and composition in the wrack was investigated by the seedling emergence method. The wrack including sand and litter drifted onto the revetment in the middle of The Tama River at the floods which occurred in August 1998. Sixty-one species were germinated from the wrack. Twenty-eight of these species were naturalized plants.
We surveyed vegetation in May and August 1999 at the sampling sites of the wrack. Total vegetation cover, height of vegetation, occurrence species of plants and their cover were recorded. We found that many species were naturalized plants. Without planting it will be possible to revegetate by seed dispersal at the floods onto revetment after river improvement, however it has risk to be dominated by naturalized plants.

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We conducted interview through questionnaires from stock farmers about the method of land use for stock farming in semi-arid region of Mu-Us desert in China. Additionally, land use method was evaluated by analysis of SPOT/HRV image of ground biomass using vegetation indices (NDVI, TSAVI). There is rotational type of land use;grassland on wet lowland is used for grazing in summer; in winter, deciduous forest and shrub on fixed sand dune are used. During summer, most farmers utilize the lowland grassland in alternation. Although it is possible to estimate over-grazing from the number of livestock only, by using biomass image and carrying capacity of the land, the grazing intensity of each land unit could be identified. Further, by applying regression analysis between biomass image and total production of a site, broad area estimation of grazing intensity is possible hence land planning for specific a area can be carried out.

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Cultivation demands 300-350mm of annual precipitation in summer-rained area, while some 200mm is enough in winter-rained area.
The objective of this study is to clarify the hydrological condition of cultivation in North Africa by investigating the relationship between precipitation and potential evapotranspiration during rainy season, defined as the most stable continuous three months in rainfall in this study.
Analysis was conducted using preexsisting datasets of precipitation, potential evapotranspiration and land cover, all of which are accessible through internet.
The dataset of potential evapotranspiration was derived by the Penman-Monteith equation with parameters from remotely sensed data by NOAA/TOVS and observation at meteorological stations.
The condition, available both in summer-rained and winter-rained area, of cultivation is that the ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration exceeds 0.58 in rainy season.
Apart from 0.58, 0.24 and 1.80 are also significant thresholds. The former is related to the effect of micro-topography or micro-climate, while the latter to the surplus of water.

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Recently urban greenery promotion has become an important task additionally from the viewpoint of global environment preservation by means of CO₂ sequestration. 21 houses were selected at random in Matsudo City in Chiba Prefecture and situation of trees in the house site was investigated. Then, total CO₂ sequestration and annual CO₂ sequestration was estimated making use of the existing literature and materials. As the result the total CO₂ sequestration was estimated to be 1, 441.2kg per house (5.6kg per lsquare meter of the site) and the annual CO₂ sequestration 202.8kg per house (0.88kg per lsquare meter of the site). This result was compared with the same kind of estimation in Chicago City in Illinois State of U.S.A. and Chuncheon City in Kangwon district of Korea, the characteristic of each case was picked up and the consideration was made regarding the possibility of CO₂ sequestration in the garden of houses and the desirable direction in the future.

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Fanger's PMV (Predicted Mean Vote) and WBGT (Wet Bulb Globe Temperature) index are now the standard indexes for study of thermal environments. The purpose of this study is to compare the heat stresses of several types of outdoor sites with the tree shade place and to estimate the heat stress intensities of these sites. From 9, July to 9, September 1999, twenty-seven times of observation has done in mid daytime (10h-14h). The instruments (WBGT-101 and AM-101, Kyoto Electronics Manufacturing Co.) get WBGT index value, air temperature, relative humidity, wet bulb temperature, glove temperature, PMV and wind speed at once for every observation times. The results are follows; 1) Judging from the average WBGT index value, the hottest place is the asphalt covered road, next the paddy field, the bare land sports ground and the most cool place is in the shade of a tree. On the asphalt covered road the heat stress increases 2.54°C (WBGT) over the tree shade. 2) On the paddy field the air temperature is relatively low but the relative humidity is considerably high, so the heat stress for the human body become larger.

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A neural network was used to estimate temperature from land use factors. The neural network with a back propagation algorithm was used as a method of nonlinear multiple regression which has advantages over conventional linear multiple regression, especially when the relation between temperature and land use factors is nonlinear.
As an example, observation data of temperature at Kawagoe-city of 160 points were analyzed. Input data were 12 land use factors such as 6 ratio of green area (forest, field, grass, paddy field, bare land, water), 4 ratio of buildings areas (factory area, commercial area, residential area, public area), altitude and slope angle. The network consists of 3 layers that have 12 units in the input layer, 4 units or 1 unit in the output layer and 24 units in an intermediate layer. A linear multiple regression analysis was also used to compare the characteristics of the methods.
In the first analysis, 160 data set was used for input data or independent variable. In the second analysis, 80 data set was used for input data and another 80 data set was used for the validation. Also, parameters used in the neural net were optimized to minimize the error between estimated and measured data.
In all cases, the neural network showed smaller errors than the multiple regression. Although the use of the neural network takes computation time, the result shows availability and ability as a nonlinear multiple regression method of neural network.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate future maintenance methods by modifying the landscape using the photomontage method. Evaluation of modified landscapes was conducted through questionnaires. From the investigation, the following facts became clear.(1) Presence of greenery gave the evaluations of“beautiful”“natural” and “harmony”, while decrease gave the evaluation of “artificial”“hard” and “dry” feeling to the examinees. Change in exposure area of the wall due to leaf fall of trees had a large influence on the impression of the examinees.(2) It seems that, when it is unavoidable to fell trees during construction, maintaining a green coverage of above 30% to about 40% at the screen ratio, the landscape evaluation value is considerably high.(3) Images of the landscape at leaf stage or images with added plants were classified as good by examinees. Images of the landscape at leaf fall stage were classified as good when plant number was increased.
To be considered by many people as beautiful, the landscape should viewed as greenery with stone wall in the background. An adjustment which balances between the historic landmarks conservation and landscape improvement is important.

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The aim of this study is to construct the multipurpose database of park and excavation information in the Yoshinogari National Historical Park. We constructed it using internet technology operated by client/server system, in order to use for archeological research, park planning and park management. This database includes spacial and attribute data of excavation, image data and attribute data of relics and digital ortho photo of this site. This enables to unify data management on the server. The client can be operated with Web browser program. By this system, the share of excavation information is attained. Thereby application nature and simultaneity came to be obtained between park planners and archaeologists.

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The purpose of this research is to clear the way blind people perceive the landscape, especialy in the park. At first I carried out previous experiments with blind people in July 1998 at Shinjuku-gyoen, second regular experiments were made on sunny days from August to November 1998 at the same place.
made these experiments with twnty-four people, who are inborn blind, from 20's to 60's and able to go out alone, without man-power.
We started from Shinjuku sta., walked around Shinjuku-gyoen twice, and went back to the sta.
At sixteen points on the way, we carried out our experiments by SD estimation and hearing. From these experiments, some knowledge about 1)-3) was made clear.
1) Building perception in green space by blind people (table-2) 2) Trees perception in green space by blind people (diagram-2) 3) Analyze the green space by cluster analysis (diagram-3)
I acknowledge that blind people can perceive the landscape.

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A prominent theme is the development of landscape evaluation of urban fringe. Landscape evaluation is concerned with the planning and management influenced by landscape elements and criteria in decision making. 27 pictures of two districts (one low land and other hill side) were chosen for thisresearch on the urban fringe in Sapporo City, northern Japan. 1) As a result of the evaluation grid method, there is a positive preference for a richness of greenery. 2) After the result of semantic differential method, statistical analyses were applied including factor analysis and principle component. The four common factors“comfortableness”, “simplicity”, “characreristic”and“openness” are identified. 3) A multiple regression analysis revealed that the preference was firstly affected by the comfortableness variate, secondly by openness and thirdly characteristic. 4) Analysis on landscape elements highly correlated with three variates was identified. Comfortableness-shrub (positive correlation). Openness-mountain (positive)·barren (positi ve)·house (negative)·small structure (negative). Characteristic-tree (positive)·house (negative)·grass (negative). From this research it is concluded that the preference to the landscape is influenced by the comfortableness variate. And especially the landscape element “shrub” influences the total value of landscape.

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In order to understand landscaping it is important to understand that there is a projection of image into the reality. In this report the writings of Korean envoys to Japan have been studied; in particular, the similarities they found between Setonaikai Tomonoura and the Chinese landscapes Dohteiko and Shohshoh-Hakkei reported in Chinese poetry. The analysis of these writings revealed similar patterns of thought; namely that the envoys considered Setonaikai Tomonoura to be the most beautiful landscape in Japan because they saw their common image of Dohteiko and Shohshoh-Hakkei reflected in the reality of Setonaikai Tomonoura.

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Landscape is not an objective fact, but something generates through dialects of mental construct. In this way of thinking, landscape is considered to be found and generated as a value by the experiencee, depending on his/her attitude towards the place, through a specific way of looking at the place. Through an analysis of diaries and other manuscripts of a Japanese Round-trip Garden“Rikugi-en”, the authors made clear the mechanism of landscape value generation, and by grasping each aspect of the landscape generating process seen in these data texts, the authors showed the typology of the attitudes towards the place, the ways of looking at the place, and the generated landscapes. The attitudes towards the place is divided into three classes, and the generated landscapes are classified by the viewpoint of how the way of looking at the place has changed. Further more, the authors mentioned the possibility of establishing some design methods utilizing the knowledge of the characteristics of each aspect of the landscape generating process acquired by this study.

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