When taboo in “Sakuteiki” deemed worthy of a mention, it is likely to be a belief and dismissive discussion of superstitions. In this sense, the present study is a challenge to represent substantial meanings of taboos against water in the context of “Sakuteiki”. A careful consideration of the features of the water in the context reveals three crucial aspects: (1) some explanations for draining and dredging the bottom of the water, (2) aristocrats' way of life in the gardens in relation to the water in the Heian era, (3) the consistency of modern model of material circulation in the water, which support to draw the substantial meaning from the taboos, that is supplying water and draining along with the topographical features of the garden. Hence, such taboos are taken as an accumulation of empirical skills to manage water quality.

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In this paper taboo of garden planting in Japan is described. In the old days taboo was made by the people's wish to escape from misfortunes in the future. We don't hear so much about taboo in this industrialized society today. But taboo sometimes appears and disturbs gardeners when planning a garden. Taboo is an act prohibited by faith and superstition. To analyze the reasons of the acts, I refer to “Nihon Zokushin Jiten (Japanese Superstition Dictionary)” written by Tozo Suzuki in 1982. Taboo about more than one hundred garden plants is compiled in this dictionary. It is said that “If you commit taboo, you will be ill, dead or ruined.” Taboo is classified as follows: (1) Rhyming game of the plant's name (2) Associating something with the shape of the plant (3) Relationship with faith of Buddhism or Shintoism (4) Relationship with the directional aspect of a house (5) Prohibition from taking plants from mountains or fields (6) Avoiding thunder (7) Origin from misfortunes (8) Refusal to practical uses.

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This paper deals with Taishoen, a garden owned by Uematsu family in the post town of Hama, Suruga, in the 19th century, in terms of the visit made by men of rank such as court nobles and/or feudal lords who stopped by on the way of their official trip on the Tokai Highway.
Findings are: 1. Besides a large plant collection, a collection of paintings and calligraphic works and a fine view of Mt. Fuji atracted visitors. 2. The visitors got information on the plants in the garden as well as the rare-plant cultivation. 3. In return for his hospitality and the plants he presented, the visitors gave the owner paintings, calligraphic works and/or some other precious things. With these celeblated gifts Taishoen got more visitors and added to it's reputation.

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TAKIZAWA Bakin, an author of popular stories in the late Edo period, is famous for his minute diary, in which his everyday life has been written down. Also he had written about his life in other manuscripts. Bakin's pleasure was a landscape gardening including a plant gardening. He had lived for 12 years, from 1824 to 1836, near Kanda-Myojin shrine. His house site was about 240 square meters, where were planted with many species of plants. It seems that his garden shows an appearence of horticulture in the Edo period in a sense. In a landscape gardening it needs practical knowledges about plants. In the other side the commom people of Edo had needed presentative models depending on ‘kaso’, the aspect of a house, originally based on the ancient Chinese theories of yin and yang, for making a garden or a residence. Although this ‘kaso’ was a folk belief or a superstition scientifically, we must pay special attention in mind to the popularity among the people in those days.

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From the second half of 1910s to the first half of 1930s, in Osaka City where there were social problems caused by excess population, depression and air pollution, public park construction projects were developed on the establishment of City Planning Act. On the same time, the authorities in the Osaka City Government argued about ideas of public parks. I structurally analyzed these discourses in social contexts, so I could conclude as follows: 1. They designated labor class as main users of public park, and this idea derived from their new concepts on park function, not as ornaments but as public health and enlightenment. 2. So, they considered public parks as spatial apparatus. 3. But, these discourses didn't suppose the existence homeless people as users. 4. In spite of these discourses, public parks had to function as refuges for homeless people who were produced by social structures.

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In early Meiji, under the control of the Department of the Interior, Ueno Park (in Tokyo) was opened as a ‘national’ park which promote the national museum and national exhibition. And Goverenment held lots of national ceremonies at Ueno Park. This study aims to reveal the effects of public ceremonies, especially the pageants of Emperor, on spatial developments of parks in Meiji era. It is cleared that a spatial frameof Ueno Park was established in early Meiji. First, Emperor's ceremony renewed the national characteristics of Ueno district. Then, under a political necessity of visualization of Emperor for nation people, the Ueno Park was designed as a road for pageant and a palace-like garden.

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Ohdori Park is a favourite green mall in Sapporo City, which have developed from a broad boulevard proposed in gridiron town planning at the beginning of Meiji era. The boulevard assumed a dual role: firstly, as buffer zone between commoners' residence area and govermental office area including officials' residence, and secondly, as a fire preventive belt.
The author thinks that the above two concepts took over those of ruling class, that is, samurai class, appeared in urban design of castle towns in Edo era. Residence area of ruling class was alloted in the inner zone surrounding the main castle tower. On the other hand, the commoner class had to live over-crowded in the outer zone of town. The ruling class area was completely separated from the commoner class area by morts and banks. Therefore, They were protected from fires which frequently occured in densely built-up commoner area. In the case of castle towns like Kakunodate (Akita Pref.) and Ohno (Fukui Pref.), an open green belt with bank was provided for exclusively fire-preventive purpose.

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This study aims to reveal the method of using words concerning the urban parks in “Bei-O Kairan Jikki”. This report was written in early Meiji era when there was no technical words concerning urban parks in Japanese. I have picked up all words from “Bei-O Kairan Jikki” and analyzed them by classifying into two categories: one indicated general urban parks and the other indicated the specific urban parks. By analyzingthem, it became clear that these words did not only define form and facilities of the urban parks but also they described the contents and circumstances of urban parks that the author observed.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze a Japanese famous poet and fairy tale writer Kenji MIYAZAWA's usage and recognition of “Zouenka” (landscape designer) and “Soukeika” (landscape architect). The analyzed texts were two versions of his poem “Soukei-syuki” writen on a poketbook and a notebook. Through the analysis, his changing usage of the Japanese word landscape architecture from Zouenka to Soukeika in verse was considered to mean that he recognized the real meaning of landscape architecture and the role of landscape architect. And the author pointed out Kenji MIYAZAWA used “Soukei” (lanscape architecture) under the influence of Tsuyoshi TAMURA's book “Zouengairon” (1918) which is the first text book of landscape architecture in Japan. He tried to versified the finished poem “Soukei-syuki” but could not. Even the great poet Kenji MIYAZAWA hesitated the correct word for a landscape architect, it must have been a Zouenka or a Soukeika. But he convincingly versified “The landscape architect in the world, For welfare on the land, Certainly at the risk of thire life”.

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Tetsugoro Wakimizu and Tsuyoshi Tamura, who engaged in the designation of the Setonaikai National Park, admired Bisan-Seto archipelago landscape from Mt. Wasyuzan, and were confident of the national park's core, at the beginning of the Syowa era. The paper shows what is the differences between this archipelago landscape and the preceding landscape, through analyses of descriptions related to the landscape in the travel accounts and so on, and the consideration of the archipelago landscape's changes, from the mediaeval ages to the modern ages. The archipelago landscape was admired as scene landscape, panorama landscape, or sequence landscape in the late Edo era. But it was inclined to the sequence landscape, and began to turn to the panorama landscape, in the late Meiji era. Wakimizu and Tamura pushed forward the turning, and discovered new panorama landscape. The view of this landscape had been arranged gradually.

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The aim of this study is obtain the character of Landscape design at Tokyo Imperial University Hongo Campus in The Meiji Period and The Former Half of Taisho Period. The major findings are as follows:
The design's central element were avenure (gingko, zelkova, camphor) and Japanese landscape garden in the go-round style.
SAIGO Motoyoshi, ERWIN BÄLZ, HAMAO Arata and HONDA Seiroku played an important role in the formation of Landscape design at Hongo Campus.

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The panelists' attributes and question categories were classified and the changes of intention were analyzed with multi-dimensional scaling analysis by using the data of public opinion censuses on green taken by Prime minister's Office in 1981, 1984, 1988, 1991, 1994 and 1995. Then following results are obtained: 1) From 1991 to 1995, in the phase of “important factors of improving the amenity of his/her living environment, ” “green” reduced the quantity of his/her response to it. 2) The intention to nature is observed obviously from 1991 to 1994 in the phase of “greens brought to his/her mind, ” and “greens seen daily.” 3) In the large city, the intention to nature is observed only in the phase of “greens to be protected and raised, ” but not observed in the phase of “greens seen daily.” 4) The reason of the fact of 1) is discussed under the knowledge of 2) and 3).

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The modernization process of urban space had begun through importance and acceptance of western knowledge and technique. However, historical studies on this process by landscape architecture, city planning and architecture have depended on methodologies from evolutionism, as a result most of them have failed to reveal social power structure relationships functioning over the modernization process. The purpose of this study is to examine how the relationships between modern knowledge and this power structure had developed, by survey on the modernization of ‘slum’, high dense residential area, in Tokyo during late Meiji era. It could conclude that police power with coerciveness and discourses on sanitary with rationality coexisted without any contradiction.

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Ebenezer Howard, who wrote “Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform” in 1898, played an important role in development of town planning. Tokiyoshi Yokoi, who introduced the garden city theory of Howard to Japan from the view of country planning, thought the garden city theory as just country-like town planning. And then he published a novel titled “Mohan Chouson (Ideal Town and Country)”, in which he showed his vision on country planning. However, when compared the garden city theory with Yokoi's vision on country planning, the following findings were obtained. Although their approaches were different from each other, they both intended to develop self-contained and sustainable community.

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Tokyo Prefecture designated eight scenic zones in the suburbs of Tokyo City, in the 1930s. Then, the Scenic Beauty Association was organized by inhabitants and landowners in each zone. Scenic zones had a dual purpos; firstly, maintaining natural landscape for weekend recreation, and secondly, deveroping attractive residential area compatible with its surrownding landscape. This study inspected the major role of these Associations played in landscape conservation. They provided various facilities for recreational enjoyment, this activities contributed greatly to promoting pubric parks in the future. But they didn't succeed in formation of residential area for suitable Scinic Zone, because they had been little positive activities.

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The aim of this article is to reveal the community sense to the open space plan in the reconstruction work after the Great Kanto earthquake by the study about the dwellers' reaction in the area No.10 to the plan.As the result of this study, they thought that the construction of the principle road caused the decline of shopping street, and they understood the meaning of city park as the place for public health, prevention of disasters and physical education, but they thought the construction of parks obstruct the revival of their iife, and they tried to make their own plan based on the resional situation.

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There are 276 castle buildings removed from the site of the premodern castle in and after Meiji period. We picked out 70 cases from them except the cases which built at temples, shrines or private estate, and examined the characteristic and the preservative situation. As the result, we should present 5 principles that were needed for preservation of the removed castle buildings.
1, We have to make clear the state of change and the historical and cultural signification of the removed castle buildings by structural examination and excavation of the original building spot.
2, If the removed castle buildings are put back on the site of the original castle, we never destroy the structural castle remains on or under the ground.
3, If the removed castle buildings can not re-remove to the original spot (for some reason), we have to evaluate them correctly as for the historical landscape and cultural utility form.
4, If the removed castle buildings are used as a school institution on daily life, we need not change the present use unreasonably.
5, We have to use the removed castle buildings to make useful city planning at the castle towns.

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The Ten Views of West Lake in Hangzhou, China originated during the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1278). The backgrounds of its formation are clarified as follows.(1) The development of Hangzhou served as the capital during the Southern Song Dynasty.(2) The distinct seasons of Hangzhou and the proper scale of West Lake contributed to the lake's popularity.(3) During the 12th century, the unique atmosphere of West Lake came into being.(4) Due to the influence of the emperor, the art of paintings gained popularity.(5) The style of landscape painting changed in Southern Song. Meanwhile, the image of the ten views is preserved until today even with the absence of some views at some times through a lot of paintings and literature is clarified.

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Chinese Bonsai (potted trees) have at least 1300 years' history. To shape dwarf trees into artistic forms, training is always necessary. A number of training techniques such as pruning, trimming, wiring and defect correction are commonly used. These variously depend on the historical periods. So, this paper studies the change and development of these, especially pruning and wiring.
Pruning, the traditional method of training Bonsai (potted trees), is used for correcting tree forms or postures as well as for retarding natural growth. During the Ming and Qing Periods, the method of cutting off downward-growing branches, inward-growing branches, branches that cross each other, as well as weakened and withered branches was developed.
Wiring, a relatively modern method of training Bonsai (potted tree) trunks and branches into the desired forms began in the late Qing Period. Hemp-rope binding was used in the Tang Period and Palm-rope binding was used in the Ming Period before the use of wiring.

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The application of horticultural soils on green creation technology is considered useful as well as artificial materials. It is considerably unique that the aggregate-like soil is said to improve both the soil water retention and gas exchange ability when mixing with other soils. Through the evaporation experiments in constant evaporative atmosphere an aggregate-like soil and its admixture show the results as follows:
i) Evaporation rate in each soil shows nearly constant rate, and its time span depends on the quantity of water content at the transition point between 1st and 2nd drying stage.
ii) The strong correlation between the transition and the wilting point equivalent water content is observed. Admixtures locates on the intermediate between the parent materials.
iii) The transition and the wilting point equivalent water content difference and the time required depends on the soil type mixed, however, admixtures locate between the intermediate points.
iv) Mixing aggregate-like soil into the soil with poor retentivity as sand is effective to improve the retentivity, however, the improvement appears in the region of water content less than the wilting point equivalent.

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The second year seedlings of Qurcus acuta THUNB. were planted to 36, 64 and 121 plants per square meter. It was studied of the most efficient density for producting large seedlings whose heights were over 50cm. Three growth parameters of seedlings were measured every one month from May to December. They were tree heights, tree spreads and stem diameters at ground level. All growth parameters at beds with 36 plants were greater than that of beds with 121 plants in December when the annual growth were finished. For example, plant heights were 58.6 and 48.1cm, tree spreads were 24.0 and 19.3cm, and stem diameters were 7.4 and 6.0mm. The standard deviations in each growth parameter between beds with 36 plants and 121 plants followed another. The plants whose heights were over 50cm exceeded 45 percentages at beds with 64 and 121 plants. And there were the greatest number of plants at beds with 121 plants. It indicated that the most efficient planting density that produced large seedlings of Q. acuta were planted to 121 plants per square meter.

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Flowering mechanism of Rhododendron reticulatum is analyzed through flower bud ratio, shoot composition, and shoot dynamics. Solar radiation was measured continuously in 1996. In results, 1) Differentiation of flower bud was not occurred in the light environment less than 41.0 MJ·m^-2·month^-1. 2) There was not significant correlation between solar radiation and flower bud ratio. 3) The annual growth rate of vegetative shoots tended to be higher in more intensive light environment. The ratio of flower shoot (F-shoot) and flower sylleptic shoot (FS-shoot) were also higher in more intensive light environment. 4) Production rate of F-shoot was 0.6 in 169.5 MJ·m^-2·month^-1, and 0.3 in 72.9 MJ·m^-2·month^-1. 5) Flowers tended to bloom on FS-shoots, and elongation of FS-shoots was the most active on sylleptic shoots (S-shoots) in 169.5 MJ·m^-2month^-1. 6) In 72.9 MJ·m^-2month^-1, production rate of F-shoots and elongation of FS-shoots were the most suppressed on S-shoots. 7) Under the light environment which cause the differentiation of flower bud, extension of shoots was not influenced by light intensity. 8) Rate of survived shoots under each light condition approximated to 1.00, though the cause of shoot abortion seemed to be different among three cases.

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The fragmentation and the change of the social and economical aspects in home gardens were thought to change the vegetation structure in rural home gardens of West Java, Indonesia. Effects of the area of open space, the presence of fishponds, profession of householders, and the presence of nurseries in home gardens on the number of species in each stratum, and by the function of plants' utilization was analyzed. The species richness in the home gardens was affected by the area of open space. The species richness decreased when the area of open space was small, especially the number of species in the overstorey was apt to decrease. The function of plants were affected by the presence of fishponds and the area of open space. The ratio of the number of ornamental plants increased when the fishponds were absent and the area was small. The ratio of the number of species for cash crops increased when the fishponds were large and the area was small. It was assumed that 100 m² was the minimum critical size of the open space for species richness in the multistorey and multifunction of plants in the home gardens.

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The process of vegetation and soil restoration by grazing control was studied at desertified sandy grassland in semi-arid regions of northeast China. The 128 quadrats (1m×1m) were situated along the transects set on sand dunes and flat sandy lands differing in the duration of grazing control, and the surveys of vegetation, soil property and topography were conduced. TWINSPAN was performed for all samples to classify the floristic data. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was also applied for the samples of sand dunes to explore the relation between vegetation restoration and environmental variables including soil property and topography.
The samples were classified into two types by the first division of TWINSPAN which reflects not duration of grazing control but topography. This result suggested that soil property including texture, organic matter, nitrogen, and moisture condition related to topography were the important factors that determine vegetation distribution and successional patterns. The result of CCA revealed that on sand dunes the process of vegetation restoration corresponded with that of soil restoration, and also varied with micro topography such as the position of dune slopes. The duration of grazing control required for the restoration was also different depending on topography. On flat sandy land and lower part of sand dune where surface soil still remained, vegetation would recover quickly by grazing control, while it would take about 20 years on the middle and upper part of dunes.
Those results suggested that the ecological evaluation of a carrying capacity at each land unit, e. g. landform unit, should be needed to maintain a sustainable land use at a sandy grassland in semi-arid regions.

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The authors compared three projects, Rhine-Econet, the provincial ecological network of Utrecht and the Ecolint in Amsterdam, to find out alternatives in planning process of regional-scale ecological networks in the Netherlands. It was found that planning process of the three projects followed similar four steps: (i) Preparation of base maps based on studies on natural conditions, (ii) Selection of ‘target species’ to be conserved by the development of the networks, (iii) Study on ecology of the ‘target species’, especially of dispersal characters and habitat requirements such as necessary area of habitat, (iv) Ecological design and layout of ecological infrastructure, such as core areas, nature development areas and ecological corridors to allow the ‘target species’ live and move around within networks. Also it was found that, for the implementation and establishment of the-ecological infrastructure, the planning body pays great effort in intensive coordination and negotiation with all parties involved, both public or private.

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In the humid tropics, determining the limits of ecological functions for each land use might be the much important to develop sustainable agricultural land use system, since tropical ecosystems are originally fragile. In the most case, soils are major limiting factor. To achieve the sound land use planning, it is the first step to recognize the ecological characteristics based on physical properties.
The objective of this study is to classify the landscape ecological units, at the Bacho swamp and its surroundings, in the Narathiwat Province, Southern Thailand. The transectional approach from mountain area to coastal area was taken to know the variety and the relationship of environmental attributes, in particular, geology, geomorphology, pedology, and land cover/use. In addition, species composition and tree bulk of valuable trees in home gardens were compared between a village located on foot slope and one on sand dune.
The transection was classified by combining geomorphic and soil types into seven land units, namely, 1) Convex Middle Slopes-Slope Complex, 2) Pediment-Udults, 3) Low Terrace-Aquults, 4) Upland-Udults, 5) Lowland Swamp-Fibrists, 6) Sand Dune-Humods, and 7) Beach Ridges-Psamments, and the spatial relationship between each type were discussed.

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Phenological phenomena have been said to indicate environmental conditions relating land potential and microcl imate. In the present study a procedure to evaluate phenological status is proposed in order to establish the methodology of land evaluation based on plant phenology. Field surveys were carried out in the western part of Chiba Prefecture from 1994 to 1995. The periods of foliation and florescence of four arbor species were recorded to calculate phenological index. The periods of foliation and florescence of deciduous trees were recorded to calculate phenological indices. From these indices a phenological contour map was obtained. The map indicated that the process of phenological phenomena was accelerated in urbanized area, where the existence of “heat island” was estimated. Multiple regression analysis between the phenological index and climatic parameters and landuse parameters indicated that average temperature in April and several landuse parameters may influence plant phenology: open spaces covered with arbors to delay the phenological processes while artificial landuses such as housing, bare lands and areas covered by artificial materials accelerate the phenological processes.

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About 30 years' land-use changes occurred in the coastal area of the Lake Biwa were analysed with 1/25, 000 national topographic maps. The 37.2% of the area was occupied by the rice-field in the middle of 1950's, which decreased to 30.6% by 1985. In the same period of time, the mulberry field decreased from 1.9% to 0.3%, lakelets' area from 3.2% to 1.9%, while the urbanized area increased from 8.9% to 19.2%. The increase of urban areas in the southern part of coastal area, from 11.7% to 29.7%, was the greatest among the study areas. A large number of lakelets in the eastern coast of Lake Biwa were reclaimed by 1970.

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This study aims to clarify the changing process of Satoyama, the forest in rural areas, from Meiji era to the present in Kamiseya and Ikaga districts in Kyoto prefecture. Changes in land-use and vegetation cover in three periods, 1900 to 1930, 1930 to 1960, and 1960 to present, were identified by utilizing 1:50, 000 topographical maps. Forest inventories and 1:5, 000 forest planning maps were utilized to illustrate a forest type-age distribution map in 1966. As aresult of the analysis, forests were identified as to become small in size and complexed in forest type and age through transfiguration processes. Changing patterns of Satoyama in the studied districts were then analyzed based on the analysis of land-use and vegetation cover before and after 1900, and the forest type-age distribution map in 1996. By considering the relationships between changing patterns and the social changes, Satoyama landscapes were classified into three types as a) Satoyama landscape which consists of different land uses in distances from villages 1900-1930, b) Satoyama landscape which consists of land uses with decreasing paddy fields or wastelands and in creasing artificial forests 1930-1960 and c) Satoyama landscape which consists of mixed land uses and also rapidly changing landscape1960-1996.

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It is necessary to identify the current situation of our rural land in the context of the limited natural resources and environmental capacity of the Earth. The actual vegetation map indicates such stand conditions as climate, soil, and historical human impacts. However, current vegetation mapping needs to add further information to indicate the potential of existing vegetation for multiple environmental conservation function.
This study attempts to developed a more practical vegetation mapping method based on image processing of aerial photographs. This case study of a dynamiv vegetation map illustrates three levels of rank including tree height, branching width, and tree stand density. From the analysis of this dynamic vegetation map, a tentative vegetation diagnosis map was also developed for designating five categories of conservation functions or situations of actual vegetation which are: 1) sustainability, 2) air quality, 3) landscape, 4) biodiversity, 5) biomass.

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In the part of Musashino terrace in Tokyo, the relationships between the forest floor vegetation and soil hardness were studied in secondary forest of Qercus serrata, containning the stands with damaged forest floor due to the impact of trampling. 45 quadrats were investigated, and devided into 7 forest floor vegetation types. Through the analysing of the relationships between the forest floor Vegetation and soil hardness, the following results were obtained. 1) Coverage and number of species of shrub layer were negatively correlated with soil hardness. 2) In the quadrats coverage and number of species of shrub layer are smaller, height, coverage, and number of species of herb layer were negatively correlated with soil hardness. 3) Some plants, composing forest floor vegetation indicated soil hardness of quadrats.

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Quercus serrata forest is the most typical deciduous secondary forest in the Kanto district, Japan. Process of re-establishment of Q. serrata forest after a clear-cutting was studied in the Higashi-yamato Park, Tokyo Prefecture. The process was estimated based on vegetational surveys at seven stands that were located in Q. serrata forests in the park. At five of the seven stands, vegetation was being restored from recent clear-cuttings that were carried out in 1982, 1986, 1989, 1992 or 1994, respectively. The other two stands were set in Q. serrata forest where clear-cutti gs have not been carried out for 35 years or more. The result indicates that species composition of Q. serrata forest can almost be recovered 13 years after clear-cutting, though adequate management of vegetation such as cuttings at forest floor is needed to accelerate the growth of Q. serrata. In the stands where cuttings at forest floor have not been carried out after the clear-cuttings Clethra. barbinervis was more dominant in height and basal area than Q. serrata. It was also shown that the size distribution of Q. serrata, C. barbinervis and Stylax japonica, which are common and major component of Q. serrata forest in the Kanto district, was similar between Q. serrata forest of 13 years old and that of more than 35 years old.

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Species composition and vegetation structure of Quercus serrata woodlots were surveyed in the western part of Tokorozawa City, Saitama Prefecture, Japan, by line transect method. Forty transects were placed in 17 woodlots. Possible ways of succession of Q. serrata woodlots were discussed. No apparent differences in species composition were observed in the overstory of the studied woodlots; Q. serrata and Stylax japonica were dominant in the upper tree layer and in the lower tree layer, respectively. In the shrub layer, a large number of individuals of Q. myrsinaefolia, which is considered to be a dominant species of the potential natural vegetation of the studied area, was observed. Chamaecyparis obtusa, that is an evergreen coniferous tree species and is said to have been introduced artificially into the studied woodlots, was also recorded abundantly in the shrub layer. It appears that both Q. myrsinaefolia and C. obtusa can be dominant in future.

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A management plan of canopy tree population in a secondary forest named Sakura-no-sato (cherry oriented forest) was proposed at a forest park in Hatsukaichi City, Hiroshima Prefecture. Tall tree census plot (1.13ha) including the community census plot (20m×20m) was set in the investigated area. In the large plot, 1, 777 stems belonging to 32 species were recorded and there are 26.15m²/ha in total basal area. Among them there are 157 stems of Prunus spp. In order to create the cherry oriented forest, selective logging of the other canopy tree is required for the growth of small relative domineance of Prunus jamasakura and P. grayana. In the small plot, there are 30 species (above 2m) and 23.11 m²/ha in total basal area. For help of growth of wild cherries, both canopy and under-canopy trees of other species have to eliminate. Final proposal is as follows: as many stems of wild cherries and low frequent tree species must be conserved and in the same time contagious distributed Acanthopanax sciadophylloides, Ilex pedunculosa and other trees in sub-tree layer have to be cut down intensively. In the place of open and sparse forest, wild type cherries have to plant up to 100 stems/ha in order to establish dense cherry populations.

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As a fundamental study for nature conservation in urban and rural areas, the authors investigated horizontal and vertical vegetation structure of 'wetspace' (it is defined as space including open water, transition zone and coastal area) as habitats of dragonflies in Tsukuba city, Ibaraki prefecture, central Japan. The analysis have done to clear what kinds of quantitative composition of elements (woody plants, emerged plants, floating plants, and submerged plants) of wetspace are selected by which species of adult dragonflies.
It was found that species richness were higher in spaces which had all elements. Also, it became clear that spaces which had extremely high or low dominance of one or some elements have tendency to be selected by Lestes temporalis and Ceriagrion melanurum. The authors admitted fairly certain relationship between dragonflies distribution in summer season and structural composition of wetspace.

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This paper studies the relationship between the land use characteristics and the bird inhabiting in the farming area through a yearly investigation in the western part of Kobe city. As a result, a lot of bird species were confirmed in the farming area and rural forest (Satoyama) area. It is concluded that suburban area was the valuable inhabiting space for various kinds of birds. In the farming area centered on the paddy field and the field, the avifauna in the secondary woods and the wild wood was abundant, especially the secondary woods provided the important environment for the birds. Some bird species were confirmed in the secondary woods which were not inhabited in the paddy field, upland field of culture in the open, rural settlement and woods. It is thought that the various land use existed mosaically is important for maintaining the birds' diversity in the farming area.

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The Area dominated by Aster Kantoensis along the Tama River has been declining during 1974 and 1995. In a local population, the density of rossete plants was not correlated with that of bolting plants. The density of rossete plants was negatively correlated with the total vegetation cover.
The safe site of A. kantoensis seedlings was micro habitat (1×1cm) which included the edges of gravel. There were more safe sites in a developing local population than in a declining population. To maintain the safe sites of A. kantoensis, flushing out the sand on the gravel by floods will be required.

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In Japan, there are many imitative pilgrimage places patterned after Shikoku's 88 image pilgrimage site. This research makes 8 miniature pilgrimage sites of the north Harima district an analysis object, and aims at making the organizing process definite through the related analysis with the contributors and each pilgrimage area in the relations with the community. The contributors of pilgrimage are called “Seshu”.
The results of the distribution analysis of the residence area of the 88 points' contributors of 8 miniature pilgrimage sites indicated that the contribute area was being opened clearly outside the individual supported area (“Danka” area) of each temple. The statistical analysis of the whole contributors' list (872 contributors) of Sairinji 88 pilgrimage course, which is one of the 8 pilgrimage sites, showed that there were the semi-supported area where most of the contributors donated in some groups and the devout area where the few pious person donated a lots of money except for the supporter area. There were two ways to contribute for the pilgrimage site: (1) the local celebrity and the people that faith was deep paid for a large sum of money to engrave their name on each 88 pilgrimage checkpoint (“Fuda-sho”) as a reward, (2) the general people could participate even from a small sum. As a results of these researches, the characteristics of the organizing process of the miniature pilgrimage courses in the north Harima district was put together in three points; (1) the process was not formal process, but such as movement process that everyone who want to participate to build the pilgrimage can contribute the project, (2) the process was progressed in reflecting the community structure of the area, (3) the process created the additional image that associates the contributors to the Shikoku's 88 image.

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In order to build a dynamic landscape theory, the authors analyzed an experience of landscape manifested by Matsuo Basyo in“The Narrow Road to the Deep North”, through structure analysis using the hyper text data base model. As the result of this analysis, the authors found the three modes of reorganizing landscape experiences: 1) by physical recognition, 2) by renewal of the system of difference, 3) by making the context multilayered.

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This thesis is clarifying the processes of a heterotopic spatial condition of the urban environment. The thesis examines a case of Zoshigaya area in Tokyo, and their spatial changes during 1884 to 1996. Five periods' spatial construct of administrative districts and their names were described as a script-scenic text which reflects semantical means of a space. Its changing processes are explained as following. 1. The deconstruction, reconstitution, and semantical compilation process, 2. The semantical instability by heterotopic spatial condition and its generating process.

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The aim of this study is, 1) to make clear the features of landscape developing process of the Yi-Ho Garden (summer palace) in Bejing and 2) to make clear influence from West Lake in landscape development.
Two methods are applied in this paper. Firstly, based upon local investgations and surveying literature, the process of landscape development is made clear. Secondly, based upon quantative visual analysis and though comparison of Yi-Ho Garden and West Lake, herein the characteristic of landscape composition is found.
In conclusion, it is clarified that process of making landscape of the Yi-Ho Garden is a idea which refers to landscape of West Lake and the shaping landscape of Yi-Ho Garden are similar to landscape composition of West Lake. It is shown a landscape of “three-layer stuction” and some landscape points that are imphasized with buildings in key-point.

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The purpose of this study are in to describe designation of nature reservation areas and characteristics in 18 East Asian countries.
The study method executed analyze large literature and materials on national parks and protected areas.The results are as follows.
1. There are 206 national Parks in 12 countries.
2. Total areas of national parks are about 221, 584 square kilometers.
3. In 1933, Philippines designated Mount Arayat as national park, first in East Asia.
4. There are 1, 114 nature reservation areas which are located in 15 countries. Macao, the Lao People's Democratic Republic and Cambodia have not nature reservation area yet.
5. Nature reservation areas are classified into five management categories by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN): (1) Strict Nature Reserve/ Scientific Reserve, (2) National Park, (3) Natural Monument/Natural Landmark, (4) Managed Nature Reserve/Wildlife Sanctuary and (5) Protected Landscapes and Seascapes. Out of 1, 137 protected areas, there are 667 category IV (58.7%), 163 category 11 (14.3%), 176 category 1 (15.5%), 125 category V (11.0%) and 6 category III (0.5%). Managed Nature Reserve / Wildlife Sanctuary have established very rapidly since in 1975.

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As more people visit a park, not only can the environmental resources be affected, but the quality of the visitor experience can be affected as well. The purposes of this study are to investigate visitors' attitude toward their experience in natural park, and to consider some efficacy of a natural park management based on visitor experience. The study was conducted at Daisetsuzan National Park during July-August in 1996. Data were collected by a mail-back questionnaire survey on mountaineers. Two areas were chosen as the subject of this study to compare visitors' attitude toward visitor experience in each area.
The major findings were as follows; (1) There was little difference between visitors' attitudes toward visitor experience in each area.(2) Opportunities for sensual and percetual contact to nature, release from social stress and fitness were rated important to visitor experience.(3) Ecological impacts were thought to be more significant elements in determining the quality of visitor experience than social impacts.(4) Visitors who attach great importace to opportunities of contacts to nature had a tendency to be eager to support a management actions to reduce ecological impacts, and be sensitive to ecological impacts.(5) Relationship between the degree of importace to visitor experience and the intensity of support to management actions varied in each area.(6) Management actions based on visitor experience in each area were considered to be effective in cooperative management with visitors in preserving natural resouces and recreational opportunities in each area of a natural park.

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This paper examines the current situation of recreational access such as roadway, ropeway and footpath in natural park. The concept of access rigor was applied to measure the recreational access in Shikotsu Toya national park. Access was graded to seven levels according to physical rigor. 500 × 500m quadrates were used to examine the presence/absence of access. The percentage of each grades was differed between 6 sub areas in research area. Relationships between recreational access, park zoning, vegetation and structures are also examined. The percentage of more rigorous access increased in more strictly protected zones. The percentage of natural vegetation around recreational access was higher in the sub areas which contain famous tourism spots and attractive sites. More structures were observed around less rigorous access.

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This paper studied the relationship between Forest Landscape and National Forest at the foot of Mt. ASAMA in The Meiji Period (1868-1912), with Forest ledger and forest physiognomic chart made in 1903 by district forestry office. The results from this study were as follows,
(1) In 1903, Red pine (Pinus densiflora) forest area account for 31% of total area, because of barren land for volcanic ashes. And here Utilization as Commons continued to gather brushwood, sometimes field fire occurred.
(2) In 1903, it was planned afforestation that Larch (Larix kaempferi) forest area would be account for 34%. While, bush or broadleaf tree would be decrease in future.
(3) After 10 years, there were so much afforestation of Larch (L. kaempferi) and the growth of its was going well. And, small village was built at KOSE in National Forest, the speciality of their work were to plant tree.
(4) District Forestry Office gave consideration to the scenic of KARUIZWA, Because there are National Forest in the background here, they tried to control the cutting down.

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This study aimed to propose methods of landscape ostranenie in technoscape design, in which integration currently plays the most role for its design. Ostranenie theory in linguistics was developed by Russian Formalist in 1910's-1920's, and pursued by semiologists since then. It is mainly realized by “Ambiguity” and “Collision of codes” with the most essential cause, “autotelic”. Considering these concepts, we subtracted and analyzed methods of ostranenie found in cubism, minimal art, land art and Japanese traditional gardening; dried garden and Roji garden. Obtained methods are Simplification, Obscurity, Vacation, Destruction of contour, Ephemeral, Simple-repetition, Transience, Vertical Framing, Plane Framing, Independence, Addition of texts, Collage, Collision, Non-Perspective and Contextual replacement. We grouped these items into two major categories. In addition, we manifested the correspondence between ostranenie in linguistics and landscape; disintegration of object and disintegration of context. Then we laid out applicable examples of existing technoscape to be emphasized for design of landscape ostranenie. The result of this study is; (1) Methods of landscape ostranenie were grouped into 17 categories, with two main ideas (2) Technoscape has potential to be ostranenied by these categories.

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In the middle of getting along with digitalization of Environmental Information from development of Internet, this study is aimed to examine the present situation of digitalization of Landscape Architecture Data including GIS by making the present situation of Homepage clear on WWW, and to make problem of GIS-Data-Input clear by digitizing GIS-Data practically. Three point became clearly that 1. It is certain that Internet has been taking root among Landscape Architecture, but Japan is a developing country yet, 2. The rate of GIS-application is under ten percent as a whole even among the highest level class of Landscape Architecture, 3. It is not easy for Digital Data to take the place of Analogue Data from the custom of long Analogue days.

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In the present study, prototype of environmental information system using Internet or Internet protocol was developped. The distribution of the data using the protocols or software of Internet is preferable instead of conventional communication software or fax, considering the widespread availability of Internet. The diagram of the system is shown in Fig. 1.
One of the functions of the system was data transfer by mail. Software for data transfer from data acquisition computer to WWW system by E-mail was developped using PPP and SMTP. By this method, data acquisition was made possible in the area where LAN is not constructed.
Another function was data distribution by WWW and 3D visualization on WWW. WWW server was made and terrain rendering software with CGI scripts were developped for the 3D visualization. Landsat data or meteorological data like temperature, relative humidity are overlaid with digital elevation model and 3D images were shown on the home pages.

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In this paper, fractal characteristics in the Japanese garden are discussed with respect to stone and tree distribution; Tree height, crown width DBH and plant species distribution. The geometric pattern of stone and tree distributions in 16 and 14 historical gardens respectively, reflected fractal characteristic. Tree height, crown width and diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured at the Katura Imperial Garden.Exept for DBH, other elements showed fractal characteristics. Investigation on plant species distribution in 13 historical gardens was achieved by applying a diversity measurement index and the law of Zip.Based on Zip's law, tree distribution had an uneven pattern. This paper reveals that fractal dimension can be useful in quantitative description of garden design elements and design analysis of a garden.

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Environmental impact assessment is widely and popularly implemented based on the guideline of national government and by laws. However, its underlying conceptions of environmental impact assessment is not clarified entirely. This study aims to analyze some underlying conceptions of environmental impact assessment and its changes in order to contribute to improvement of the study on the constitution and technical methods of environmental impact assessment. As a result of this study, it becomes clear that there are some different underlying conceptions of environmental impact assessment.

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