Many people place their hopes of various roles on the block park in local city which becomes the position of the green and open space as the most familiar park to residents. But, as a matter of fact, most block parks are not used. In this study, residents' consciousness was investigated about the degree of satisfaction of environment and the image for 42 block parks in Nagano city. As a result, from the viewpoint of openness and safety of park, it was found that the establishment of tree and bench is important by using the conjoint analysis of evaluation for the park facilities. As a result of understanding the relationship between the degree of satisfaction of environment for the park and the image evaluation of the park, it was found that the evaluation for the safety has effects upon the synthetic evaluation of the park, and the factor which raises the synthetic evaluation of the park is the openness of the park by using the covariance structure analysis. And residents have little understanding of the activity of volunteer groups and management of the park, therefore it is necessary to produce new volunteer groups through public participation and opportunity for young generation to join planning and management of the park.

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In order to discuss about the effects and benefits for pupils' play activities during playtime in holistic and phased school grounds improvement, including the creation of a united nature and play spaces, this paper analyses behaviour maps before and after improvement by observational surveys based on the Sakata Primary School Grounds Improvement Project. The results show that after the improvement, the improved area, which was hardly used before, is now used as the most popular play space; provision of the original play structure encouraged more pupils to visit more distant wildlife area by improving the accessibility to the area; furthermore, the quality of play was improved and play opportunities were enhanced, particularly with significant promotion to quiet play such as play with nature and quiet activities. The results also show the significance of a holistic grounds improvement and the following two points can be suggested for future grounds improvements, which are; 1) the improvement with consideration to various play and learning, and 2) grasping characteristics of the grounds environment and discussion of design. Based on these issues, also consider the following; long term and phased improvement, school's participation in the process, and landscape architect's support as a facilitator.

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This study aims to clarify the transition of Meisho, where people visit at leisure time, in Tokyo city from the Meiji era to prewar period of the Showa. 20 traditional famous Meisho and 15 new Meisho which got recognition as a famous Meisho in the early part of Showa era are chosen, and based on guidebooks which introduce Meisho, maps around Meisho, the analysis is conducted. Attractions' transition of the traditional Meisho divides into 4 types (specializing natural appeal, exteriorizing modernization institution and system, expanding of prosperous area, improving of former appeal). It is identified that land-tax-reform and new institution of the park had big influence on changes of space, and finally they urge to exclude the vulgarness from sites and to simplify the land use inside of Meisho. The new Meisho include new species such as structures which wear the meanings of center of the nation, and things related to Imperial-Family. And through analysis of processes of their establishment, new method for recognition as Meisho is clarified

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We got many photographs of private garden at the suburb residence area by door-to-door survey, sampled at random using detailed residence maps, in Yokohama Aoba in Japan, Reading and Edinburgh in UK, Torino in Italy and Freising in Germany. We selected 100 residences and choose four photographs in each residence to represent the whole garden atmosphere. Making 22 Japanese agricultural faculty students of the University of Tokyo to be an examinee, the experiment to discriminate country of garden landscape was carried out looking at four sets of photographs of 100 private gardens. This experiment carried out two times placed the interval in six months, to the identical examinee. In the second experiments, photographs of 39 residences were altered by image processing to eliminate objects such as utility poles, chairs and so on, that were thought to give the effect to discriminate country. Assessment of private garden landscape by SD methods of ten items was also carried out one time.
It was shown that Japanese students could rightly detect private gardens in Japan, though they could not distinguish gardens in UK, Italy and Germany. Some objects gave the effect to distinguish country in private gardens in Japan. There existed some images to those countries, such that the (familiar) garden with globose pruning was Japanese, the (unfamiliar) garden with lawn was Foreign or England, the (natural) garden with high trees was Germany, the (artificial) garden with paving was Italy.

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The space structure of a village is formed in response by factors, such as geographical environment and social rule, and is recognized as a landscape. In a village, a street is an element which forms space structure, and the landscape which is in sight from a streetscape has played the role which makes the recognition of space structure. The purpose of the study is to clarify the role of streetscape played in recognition of the space structure of Hahoe village in Korea, and to consider the problem with the present landscape management. In result, it classified in four types by the role of the streetscape for recognition of the space structure. The result showed that confusion had arisen with the role of the streetscape for recognition by the change of space structure depended on tourism, and inadequate landscape management.

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The new Framework Act on National Territory and the Act on Planning and Use of National Territory were established in South Korea, 2003, and through this a drastic change has been brought to the scene of national planning. The remarkable points are that the whole national territory was targeted by the planning; the inter-relationship among any number of plans or acts were made clear; and conservation and landscape point of view are being stressed in a planning process. It can be valued that the new acts enabled a planning system to cover and control whole national territory, but the effectiveness of the new acts should be monitored and reviewed in the future.
On the other hand, through comparing new Korean act system with the Japanese one we pointed out that while the Landscape Act, which is legislated and managed by plural government offices, was enacted this year, the Japanese act system is still in the stage of partial development control. National visions with consideration to environment and landscape, and the framework for coordinating a local level planning and land use should be prepared in future Japan.

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‘ Satochi/Satoyama ordinances ’ have recently been frequently enacted. However, many local government entities have implemented legal systems enacting ordinances which designate green spaces or agricultural land which are to be preserved. This paper attempts to clarify the document characteristics of the ordinances designating conservation areas in the Greater Tokyo Area. We found that descriptions of these ordinances were classified into three groups, which were selection of target sites, designation as a conservation area and maintenance of a conservation area. We also found that multiple methods, which secure the implementation of those rules, were prescribed. These methods for assuring implementation were classified into two ways, procuring the land and maintenance. Most of the conservation ordinances had not been enacted for the direct purpose of conservation of secondary nature. However, many ordinances described not only procuring but also maintaining, which is essential for conserving secondary nature. We classified the conservation ordinances into three types based on their detail descriptions from the point of view of Satochi landscapes conservation. We suggest that the effect of ordinances on the conservation of Satochi landscapes should be evaluated for each type. And, this study covers only ordinance documents. Clarification of the state of implementation of these ordinances is also needed.

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This study aims to identify the relationship between the characteristics and location of provisional public open spaces in Tokyo's 23 wards. To characterize the existing open spaces we classified them according to the following properties: landownership, area, and type of open space facility. We identified that the location of these open spaces reveals a pattern. In residential areas of low urban density the sizes of these open spaces vary, and the ratio of private landowners is comparatively high. In area of high urban density, municipalities have less choice over the type of these open spaces they wish to preserve for a park. They tend to buy land for preservation in an ad-hoc way when budgets permit and when land becomes available. In area of mixed land-use a variety of different land-owner and area characteristics exit, and the ratio of large scale is comparatively high. Up to now research has only concentrated on the problem of preserving land for parks in areas of high density. However it is also important to concentrate on areas of low density and mixed land-use to understand the effectiveness of the different techniques used for preserving land.

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Examples of citizen participation in community design and environmental improvement become more common recently. Workshops are one method for allowing citizens, government staffs, and professionals to express opinions in discussions and take actions as equals. In this research, We examined the process and the results of workshops that were held to improve the environment and the development of the horticulture industry in the Yamamoto district of Takarazuka City, an area where residences and horticulture businesses exist side-by-side. We could confirm the following from this research. A detailed process for choosing themes, goals, and action programs is necessary, action program achievements influence the consciousness and evaluation of the participants, and variety among the people and groups participating is valuable. Finally, analysis of the whole process and review of future prospects are also important.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify a structure of greenery evaluation and investigate influence of trimming on the people's impression of naturalness based on the greenery. As a result, the green consists of following 3 measures of image; i.e. "artificial form", "quantity", and "variety". It is considered that "artificial form" is image of trimmed green's conditions. Naturalness is affected mostly by "artificial". It is shown that more quantity and variety of green make people feel favorable and also it brings high naturalness. On the other hand, it is also that less artificial form brings high naturalness, but that it makes people feel less favorable.

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Many plants are put on the alley which is space characteristic of the densely built-up area in a city. There was nothing that investigated the alley as a unit only by about, although there were some papers investigated about the plant put on the alley until now. In this research, the plant put on the alley for Tsukishima, Chuo-ward, Tokyo. Consequently, the plant put on the alley could be classified into four types, and it turns out whether to appear in the place in which each type had what the space characteristic. And in the place where buildings other than a residence are located in a line, it turns out that a plant becomes is easy to be placed in the place where the alley is following that a plant is not placed. It becomes possible to further redevelopment of an area, leaving the plant of an alley, when using this.

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A questionnaire survey was made for the dwellers of detached houses with 'facade greening' to know actual situation of such greening practice in Kyoto City. 79% of respondents said that they planned and made facade greening on purpose. Within respondents (N=94) for the control work, those who had sensed the work with the burden was as little as 21%. Though respondents who carried out facade greening without considering the street landscape was 52% (N=100), respondents who have received the good evaluation from the dwellers of neighborhood occupied 64% (N=100). The consciousness of the dwellers to the street landscape was low. However by positively tackling the operation and maintenance, it was proven that the dwellers had judged that facade greening contributes to the improvement in the street landscape.

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Kyoto Protocol has stated that each Party, in achieving its quantified limitation and reduction commitments, shall implement and / or further elaborate policies and measures, such as reduction of greenhouse gases. Parks and green spaces contribute to it, through CO2 absorption. Under the above Protocol, and using Showa Kinen Park as our case study, we have developed a method of measuring the height and total number of trees within that park, using airborne laser scanner and near infrared ortho-photo methods. At the same time we calculated tree heights from DSM (Digital Surface Model) data and from DEM (Digital Elevation Model). The results showed that the absorbed amount of carbon existing in this same park was 1,659.867t-C and the amount in one year (2003) was 168.167t-C, indicating the efficacy of this method.

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The influence on indoor thermal environment under the sod covered roof was studied. The roof was covered by the soil with a thickness of 100mm and turf grass. Continuation observation of air-temperature, globe-temperature, humidity and wind-speed has done in the room of the third floor (attic room), and the room of the first floor in the mid summer season of 2003 and 2004. The results evaluated using Fanger's PMV index shows that there is no big difference in the thermal environment of the third floor and the first floor. Since the surface of an attic cools the interior of a room effectively, indoor thermal environment of the third floor was kept comfortable. When the simulation of the difference from an ordinary roof (rock-wool slate roofing) was carried out, it turns out that the load of indoor air-conditioning becomes about 1/21.

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In the process of landscape visualization by using computer graphics (CG), the formats of landscape description are different among the systems but there are many similarities in the contents of description of data. The purpose of this study is to show the availability of XML (Extensible Markup Language) for landscape description and visualization. In this study, we discussed the landscape elements for the description of landscape and defined the format of XML based on the description. The defined XML was applied to the simulation of a landscape by two visualization systems, i.e. AMAP (Atelier de Modelisation de Architecture de Plants) and VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language). The availability of the application of XML for landscape visualization was practically confirmed. We found there remained some problems on the present XML system and discussed the solution for the problems. We also discussed about application of standardized XML format for landscape visualization in geographic information systems.

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As the tool for environmental education, the author developed an assistant system for creating woody plant database (AsstWPDB). Using this system, people who are not familiar with plants can learn woody plants by themselves. This system assists the building of databases by creating images of woody plants, planting location and surrounding scenes in appropriate folders automatically. With this system, the author could build three databases of small parks on a web site, which was then made accessible to the public. The amount of time needed to create a database of a small park with an area of 0.6 ha that had 24 woody species was approximately 5 hours. This showed the time saving capability of the system. The fact that a group of students who were familiar with woody plants could create a database in one week might suggested that this system can be useful as an environmental education tool for creating purposes.

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The purpose of this study is to present the analytical method of the forest proximity per patch unit to clarify the feature of forest distribution for landscape and urban planning. For this purpose, Cell Forest Proximity Index and Patch Forest Proximity Index are presented. Cell Forest Proximity Index is applied by 1stAI, which is based on Gravity Model, and analyzes the forest proximity per cell unit. Patch Forest Proximity Index is based on Cell Forest Proximity Index, and analyzes the forest proximity per patch unit. To clarify the feature of Patch Forest Proximity Index, I used four actual forest patches in Konan Ward in Yokohama City to apply this index and other similar indices. The results were as follows. 1) Using this index, it was possible to analyze the forest proximity in two or more patches unlike the other similar indices which used the Nearest neighbor. 2) Using this index, it was possible to analyze the forest proximity per patch unit based on not only the Nearest neighbor but also all the cells that composed the patch.

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Recent years, the concern for familiar natural environment rises and the importance of “ Waterside ” is recognized again in the city part. Waterside space has been located as environmental resources with spatial value similar to the city park and the green tract of land in the people's livings. Moreover, it is thought that it is important to form the city with individuality where the effect of the amenity of the waterside space in the region were positively taken it in the city part. In this research, it pays attention to the region where the waterside is used as environmental resources. Maintenance in waterside as open space and the space characteristic is clarified. And it aimed to obtain a premeditated suggestion of the waterside space maintenance to which the waterside was positively taken in the city part of the future. Then, it is thought that it is important to catch the space characteristic of the waterside in relations with the resident. Therefore, maintenance and the space characteristic as the open space in the waterside are clarified through the transition of the form of use of the waterside, and researched on the way of the waterside space maintenance in the future.

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This paper proposes the quantitative evaluation method of the natural land use based on small watersheds from the viewpoint of the water cycle, using GIS. Firstly, the existing land use of 1997 and the small watersheds from the common data (the spatial information that is digitally available) were prepared as basic data. The land use data of 1955 were digitized from topographical map, and small watersheds were further classified into groups according to the two land use dataset. Secondly, an indicator of the long-run average water flow of small watersheds and second level watersheds were calculated from the percolation with simplified runoff analysis. The transition of the land use for every group of small watersheds was expressed numerically as the transition of the long-run average water flow. Therefore the quantitative evaluation of the watershed health of small watershed groups was made possible. Thirdly, the transitions of the environment of every second level watersheds were also evaluated with the indicator of the long-run average water flow and the six groups of small watersheds which were dispersed like mosaics in the watershed were analyzed. This made the examination of the conservation and restoration strategies for natural environments from the combination of the transitions of natural environment of different scales possible.

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This study focuses on the development of the method to reconstruct former landscapes of forests with combining techniques of the GIS and of the plant model. The forest of Tokyo University located in Chichibu, Saitama prefecture was decided as a study site. Firstly, the basic data of GIS was made by examining detailed forest compartment figures and stand descriptions including six periods between the year 1941 and 2001. Subsequently, this forest GIS data was integrated with the plant model AMAP and the final result of this process was achieved by the 3D imaged computer graphics of forest landscapes. Consequently, the historical change of forest landscapes was realized by 3D images and it was revealed that transition of landscapes can be adequately visualized. As an aspect of the results, it is found that the methodology developed by this study is especially useful for creating images of forest landscapes in middle-distanced scale.

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The multimedia contents which allow users to sense a daily, monthly and yearly change of natural environment in the Tokyo University forest in Chichibu, Japan, were produced by the forest environment monitoring video data. The authors developed three types of digital contents, namely (1) A Paper printed calendar which allows users to look at the scenery of the forest at a glance. (2) A DVD (Digital Video Disk) which provides a high-resolution forest video images with high quality environmental sounds of the forest with user-friendly operation. (3) A web site that allows users to download the PDF file of (1) to make the calendar and get the information how to obtain the DVD, and also to play a movie to see a monthly change of the forest landscape with sound. Through this production, the process of multimedia contents production was clarified and the feasibility of media mix method was examined. This kind of multimeda contents is considered user-oriented, as user can further develop the meaning and usage of it by themselves. A further study in this field will help to develop environmental learning materials with which the users can sense time changes by forest video data.

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For the practical utilization and adaptation of multimedia applied to forest information, it is important to make digital archives of forest videos. So it is necessary to record and store actual forest video and to perform research with it. We analyzed the information which we could observe from videos on bud opening, leaf yellowing and nut fall, recorded by a robot camera we had developed, and studied the applicability of long term fixed point daily video to observations of the phenology of Fagus crenata. Long term fixed point daily video recordings enabled daily observations of the forest crown to be made. This is difficult using other methods. We found we could record the commonly observed phenology, bud opening and leaf color changes, on a daily basis. Use of motion images enabled the observation of details that were difficult to distinguish using still images as motion images include a three-dimensional feel and movement. Moreover, in order to compare the results of different observers at different times and locations and repeat observations, the possibility of preserving image records contributed greatly as was shown in this study. Furthermore, it also turns out that the observation of characteristics that are observable at a short distance about the item under direct observation, e.g. exposure of nuts and nut fall, which up to now has proved difficult, is facilitated using this technology.

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In this study, we examined the possibility of classifying representative tree species based on color change and defoliation transition during the leaf falling period in Tama Forest Science Garden (Tokyo Prefecture), where the forest type similar to that of Satoyama is preserved. We used the time-series aerial color photographs jointly with airborne laser scanner data. The tree species were classified according to the change in color tone of the aerial color photographs taken in spring and autumn. Further, the pattern of change in fallen leaves and the stand structure of deciduous broad-leaved trees were also observed on the basis of the change in height (crown) sensed by the airborne laser scanner during the leaf falling period so as to classify the species of representative trees in the mixed forest. As a result, the tree species in this area could be classified into Castanopsis cuspdata var. Sieboldii, Quercus glauca, Cryptomeria japonica D.Don, Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl., Zelkova serrata, Quercus serrata, etc.

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Recently, attempts have been made to use agricultural lands, located in the urbanization control area, in a planned way in cooperation with local residents. This study was carried out to seek future's agricultural land use appropriate to local residents and its resulting challenges through an interview on its land use. The interview was conducted on three different groups - farmers, junior high school students, and non-farmers. According to the results, about 60 percent of the farmers who responded would remain engaged in agriculture, and most of the students and non-farmers highly evaluated their surrounding agricultural lands as a natural environment. The non-farmers highly considered that agricultural lands contributed to the creation of comfortable living environments. In addition, the three groups had a positive opinion toward preservation of agricultural lands. In some types of agricultural jobs, students and non-farmers had the potential to be engaged in agriculture in the future. As for the challenges to be faced, 30 percent of the farmers doubted that their children would become farmers. Fifty percent of the students thought some agricultural lands should be utilized for residential use, admitting that agricultural lands would be preserved to some degree. This study clarified the challenges to be face in utilizing agricultural land in a planned way.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the lawn in a schoolyard on pupil's play. We observed the pupil's play in the schoolyard during the lunch break, and did the questionnaire for the fifth and the sixth grader of elementary schools which had the lawn in the schoolyard (=the lawn-school), and that which did not have the lawn in the schoolyard (=the non-lawn-school). As a result, the rate which pupils play in the schoolyard was higher in the lawn schools than the non-lawn-schools. And the rate which pupils “ romp ” in the schoolyard was higher in the lawn schools than the non-lawn-schools. Moreover, the movement in the action of“ romp” and “ rest ” in the lawn-schools were more various than the non-lawn-schools. And the frequency of some movements in these actions in the lawn-schools was higher in the lawn-schools than the non-lawn-schools. However, in other actions (for example, volleyball and soccer), there was no significant difference between the lawn-schools and the non-lawn-schools. From the above result, we considered that the lawn in the schoolyard became the factor which urges pupils to a play in the schoolyard. Moreover, we considered that the lawn in the schoolyard might activate a sport and the play in outside. Furthermore, we considered that the lawn in the schoolyard might increase actions touched the ground.

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Against a background of frequent crime, residents' perception of crime risk when using urban parks has undergone a steep rise in recent years. To counter this trend, it is necessary to understand the causes and reasons for residents' perception of crime risk in urban parks. The objective of this study was to identify the existence of residents' perception of crime risk and the factors that influence it in urban parks. A questionnaire survey of 307 residents living near eight parks and a field survey were conducted in Itabashi ward, Tokyo. The results show that the level of residents' perception of crime risk was influenced by three factors: a lack of residents' territoriality, a lack of surveillance and the existence of incivility. However, the significant factors were not the same for all parks. The spatial characteristics (e.g. vegetation density) and usage pattern (e.g. residents' participation in the maintenance of parks) both affected whether factors were significant. Overall, we show that planners need to adopt a comprehensive approach when designing and managing the parks. In some cases design can indeed affect the perception of risk of crime, in other cases design may not be the only important factor to consider.

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