Objective : The purpose of this study was to identify nursing students' perceptions of perioperative patients and, to develop a better clinical teaching strategy for nursing students. Method : The subjects included 70 third-year students. 2 hours of group conferencing was conducted at completion of each nursing practice. Data from the group conference were collected via audio tape and transcribed. Results : A total of 70 patients under nursing student care were studied 70% male and 30% female. The average age was 57.7 years. Students' perceptions of "a patient's interpretation of certain life experience such as surgery" fell into such categories as : [threat][challenge][feeling of guilt][evidence of living][discovery of an unknown world]. Perceptions on "Finding meaning" were divided into[destiny][hurdles in life][recognition of human relations][compensation][turning point in life]. Although a feeling of guilt and compensation seem to be characteristics of Japanese culture, it was difficult for students to be aware of them. Conclusion : It is important for a nursing student to be aware of a feeling of guilt and compensation that perioperative patients experience. It is suggested that it is necessary for nursing teachers and instructors to guide nursing students in making them aware of and sensitive towards patients' feelings.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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The human Pb middle latency auditory evoked responses (MLRs) is postulated to be generated in the thalamus by a cholinergic component of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS). To test the hypothesis that Pb and its generator substrate are abnormal in asymptomatic & silent brain stroke (infarction), recordings of MLRs to click stimuli, were carried out. Comparison among the silent brain infarction (SBI), vascular dementia (VD) and agematched hospital control subjects indicated normal auditory brain-stem and Pa responses but a significant decrease in Pb amplitude of the VD group. This Pb abnormality suggests that the midbrain cholinergic cells may not be dysfunctional in SBI but in VD, and the current status of SBI to development of VD.

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The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between living arrangements and health-service needs of noninstitutionalized Japanese elderly in the United States. It is found that the living arrangements among Japanese elderly in the United States are characterized by a high proportion of elderly who are living alone. The growing proportion of Japanese women who will have neither a living spouse nor a child in old age has significant implications for health-service needs. Considering their advanced age, personal-care limitation and language barrier, several supportive community health services are needed for this population. The cultural-convergence hypothesis partly explains the reason why a large proportion of Japanese elderly live alone. The expression of filial piety has changed as a result of children's economic and occupational upward mobility. The comfortable lifestyle experienced by the children enables them to let their parents live financially independently. Despite the comfortable and independent lifestyle enjoyed by the Japanese elderly, the mere fact that they are advancing in years subjects them to various chronic diseases. For this reason, the health-service needs and problems of this group must be identified. Provision of health services for this population is highly recommended.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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There are many reports of the joint angles measurement of extremity during standing motion. The joint angles are calculated from two segments connected two points of markers on the body surface (Method 1). On the other hand, there is a method that calculates joint angles from the two segments connected two coordinate points of the center of joint from model analysis (Method 2). The purpose of this study was to compare of the angles calculated by the two methods in sit-to-stand. The subjects were five healthy males. Sit-to-stand movement was captured and analyzed using three dimensional analysis system (Oxford Metrics VICON370). Then hip, knee and ankle joint angles were calculated by the two Methods. Results indicated there was significant difference between hip and ankle joint angles calculated the two methods. Because spinal movement is included in the Method 1 of the hip angle calculated and Method 2 is not. Ankle angles was differ because vector directions of each segment, siliqua-fifth caput ossis metatarsaliss in Method 1 and center of ankle joint-second caput ossis metatarsaliss in Method 2, were different of two Methods. The other joint angles measurement compared in this study were found no significant difference. These results will give cues to estimate angles corresponding to every center of joints targeted from angles measured from the body surface points.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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This study was conducted for analyzing differences of breathing patterns ; rest breathing, costal breathing and abdominal breathing. METHODS : 18 healthy subjects (9 male and 9 female) were required to perform the three types of breathing. A three-dimension motion analyzing system (VICON370) was used for measuring the motion of the breathings. 32 infrared reflective markers were attached to the anterior and the posterior parts of the subjects' trunk. These markers divided the trunk into nine segments which were classified into three levels ; the upper thorax, the lower thorax and the abdomen. The volume of each segment was calculated from the markers' coordinates. The ratios of the three types of breathing to deep breathing in terms of the tidal volume were compared with each other. RESULTS : 1) In costal breathing, the motion of the upper thorax increased in both male and female compared with rest breathing. The female's motion of the lower thorax was bigger in costal breathing than that in rest breathing, although the abdominal motion of costal breathing was bigger than that of rest breathing in male. 2) In abdominal breathing, the motion of the abdomen increased in both male and female compared with the abdominal motion in rest breathing. However, in case of female, the upper thoracic motion in abdominal breathing was bigger than the motion of the same part in rest breathing. 3) It was significant that the female's motion of the upper and lower thorax in costal breathing was bigger than the same motion in the abdominal breathings. CONCLUSION : There were significant differences between male and female in terms of the expansion of each part of the chest wall in these breathing patterns.

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PURPOSE : Flutter is a respiration training devise to make easy for patients of pulmonary disease to excrete sputum. We previously reported that minute volume of ventilation of patients with COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) increased in the breathing exercise using the flutter, and that improvements of alveolar ventilation and oxidization could be expected. The purpose of this study was to examine possible changes of respiratory pattern in the exercise using the flutter. METHODS : The three-dimensional motion analysis system was used for analyzing the respiratory motion. 16 healthy subjects were required to perform breathing in rest, and breathing using the flutter in the sitting position. 32 infrared reflective markers with a 10mm diameter were attached onto their anterior and posterior trunk. By these markers, the trunk was divided into three levels, i.e., upper thorax, lower thorax and abdomen, and each level was separated into three segments further. The volume of each segment was calculated and then changes of the respiratory motion were obtained in three breathing patterns. RESULTS : 1) Minute volume of ventilation was significantly increased by using the flutter as compared with rest breathing in the both male and female subjects. 2) The male subjects showed that all the motions of the upper thorax, lower thorax and abdomen increased uniformly in the exercise with the flutter. 3) The female subjects showed that the motion of the upper thorax increased more significantly than the lower thorax and abdomen in the exercise with the flutter. 4) The differences of the motion between the male and female subjects in the exercise with the flutter were due to differences of abilities to expand each segment. CONCLUSION : This study suggested that there were differences between the male and female in terms of the breathing pattern in the exercise with the flutter.

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[in Japanese]

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of somatosensory information of the hip region for control and learning the lateral inclination of the trunk on sitting. Twelve healthy subjects [mean age : 20 years, range : 18-25] were participated in two experiments. In experiment 1, subjects were asked that the head and trunk inclined 15 degrees laterally with and without vibration stimulus (77Hz) to the hip region. As the result, subjects were divided into two groups due to the error from the target angle of trunk inclination when a vibration stimulus was served. However, the error of inclination angle was no relation to the combined pattern of lateral flexion on cervical and lumbar spine. In experiment 2, subjects were given the feedback information about the error from the target angle when vibration stimulus was served and it was examined whether motor learning was recognized using a cross transfer procedure. The result showed that the error decreased in both groups after feedback exercise. These findings suggests that healthy subjects use individual postural control strategy, feedback training is effective for decreasing the error from target angle, however, feedback training may change postural control strategy.

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[in Japanese]

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The Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scales developed by Wallston et.al., were applied to 174 elderly subjects with a view to objectively deciding the patient's health locus of control. The MHLC scale consists of three dimensions, (1) internality (IHLC), (2) powerful others (PHLC), (3) chance (CHLC) externality. The results of testing with the MHLC Scales were : the average scores of the elderly in the three areas : IHLC=25.9 ; PHLC=22.1 ; CHLC=18.7. From the above findings, the MHLC Scales proved to be useful in evaluating the health locus of control of the elderly.

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[in Japanese]

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We carried out millisecond-scale multi-dipole estimations in the human brain related to auditory discrimination by using a 64-channel whole-cortex SQUID system. As a result, multiple activities were estimated in the cortico-limbic areas. The posterior hippocampal activity was most stable and prominent as compared with the others. These results show that the posterior hippocampal region is a central structure of a distributed cortico-hippocampal neural network during auditory discrimination processes in the human brain.

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[in Japanese]

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We carried out directly microtomy to prepare samples for PIXE (Particle induced X-ray emission) analysis. The microtomies of biological material were sectioned at 20μm thickness. PIXE analysis of these samples gave result that there were less than 10% coefficients of variation of the elemental intensities for major elements (chlorine, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, etc.) in biological material. Elemental composition values obtained, therefore, are regarded as representation value of an object organ. Furthermore it was shown that the method of microtomy is effective for halogen elements. Elemental composition values obtained with our method and those with INAA (Instrumental neutron activation analysis) do not agree well because of difference of these preparations. Our preparation method for PIXE analysis is regarded as microstructure to direction of microtomy layer, while the preparation of INAA is more macrostructure than that of PIXE. Because of this reason, PIXE and INAA are complementary each other, and employment of both methods increases analysing power for biological material.

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[in Japanese]

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The dose distribution of charged particle beam is better than those of photon and electron beams. Improvement in proton radiothrapeutic value is expected, because as a result, the biological effect of proton beam is rated highly. We measured dose distribution of proton beam in polyethylene using several dosimetric films for three wobbler magnet of 30cm, 40cm and 50cm in diameters. The maximum energy of the proton beam used in the present study is 70 MeV produced with isochronous cyclotron. Field sizes are a square field of 3×3cm^2, 1cm and 2cm in diameters. The wobbler magnet is used to flatten the dose distribution. We compared dose distribution of proton beams and 6 MV x-ray beams to study the characteristic of films. In the results, we suggested the effect of wobbler magnet diameter to dose distribution and the characteristic of films.

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