The purpose of this study was to review the teaching methods for nursing ethics in a basic nursing program. Data were collected by means of two different questionnaires. The questionnaires were administered to 81 sophomore nursing students and 75 junior nursing students in an associate degree nursing program. The results revealed that the development level for moral judgment in five dilemma situations was slightly higher in junior nursing students than sophomore nursing students. Concerning role taking opportunities there was also a difference between the two groups. Sophomore students had more relations withbrothers and friends. However, junior students had more relations with faculty. Personal relations with peers was concidered in the development level of moral judgment. It is assumed that a solution concerning moral judgment in handling nursing dilemma cannot be realized untill the content of the dilemma becomes realistic for nursing students. To develop the moral judgement in handling a nursing dilemma, it isnecessary for nursing students to receive concrete teaching methods and experience in dealing with conflicts in the early part of a nursing program.

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[in Japanese]

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A special clinic for the alcoholic dependent organized a course for the family members supported by the family system theory that states "the family functions as one comprehensive system so that any changes in one member induce changes inother members of the family". In this study, the author conducted both observational and interview surveys on the attendants in the class asking them about their problems related to co-dependency, child-rearing history, class attendance, recovery of the dependent, and the roles of family members. Based on the findings, problems involving the participants co-dependency were categorized into three important factors : (1) The family members are swayed by the speech and conduct of the dependent ; (2) They deal with the aftermath of the troubles caused by the dependent ; (3) They control of the whole family members not only the dependent. Many problems were indicated relating to their upbringing. Some family members themselves were found to be adult children. The dependent's condition improved if the family members attended the class regularly. Further analyses were made on the impact of the class and on the participation of the caretaker in the class from the family nursing perspective.

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[in Japanese]

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[in Japanese]

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In recent years, bone marrow transplant has been widely deployed as a radical form of therapy against leukemia, a disease that had been considered to be fatal. This study was conducted on five female and two male bone marrow transplant patients that participated in a meeting of blood disease patients in order to obtain suggestions for methods of assistance with respect to "sex life" and "return to society", which were indicated as being problems that can occur at high frequency in a previous survey of QOL associated with bone marrow transplant. The subjects were interviewed regarding specific problems relating to "sex life" and "return to society" following their discharge from the hospital, the findings from which are reported below. 1. With respect to infertility and sex, a lack of accommodation by the practitioner before and after transplant had an effect on psychological problems encountered by bone marrow transplant patients following their discharge from the hospital. 2. Infertility was not limited to just being a somatic problem, but also had an effect on the desire and awareness of later feelings of love and affection on the part of the bone marrow transplant patient. 3. Somatic, psychological and social problems affected the amount of time required until the patient was able to return to society as well as the workload of the patient following that return.

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It is a well-documented fact that tobacco use is bad for one's health, often resulting in disabling disease and premature death. Likewise, environmental or second-hand smoke has been found to have a negative impact on exposed persons, with young children being the most vulnerable. But it is not such a well-known fact that smoking causes considerable economic loss through rising health costs and loss of productivity. According to Dr.Prabhat Jha, Health Specialist at the World Bank, "Tobacco use causes profound economic losses which should be controlled efficiently and cost-effectively." Tobacco use is rising in many developing countries. Tobacco-related deaths, currently at 3 million annually, are expected to increase to 10 million in less than three decades, with 70 percent occurring in developing countries-a total which will exceed all fatalities from HIV infection, malaria, tuberculosis, and maternal complications combined. This paper is an attempt to review existing literature, reports and other sources on the economic impact of tobacco consumption on society and from this review conduct analysis and discussion for designing appropriate measures.

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[in Japanese]

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This study was designed to investigate the way how the elderly at institutions recognize their living environments and to elucidate the way how the cognition influences the subjective quality of life (QOL). The relationship was investigated in 26 institutions, by which cooperation was obtained for the research, among special protective care homes for the aged and health institutions for the aged in 3 prefectures of the Kanto district. The research included 121 subjects, who were evaluated not to be demented by the staff of the institutions, among the elderly at these institutions. This research included a total of 37 items from the following 3 aspects as living environments, in addition to fundamental attributes (sex, age, and extended activities of daily living) : "freedom of choice" (9 items) ; "facility of equipment" (19 items) ; and "consideration given to the aged on living their lives" (9 items). The subjective QOL was evaluated on the basis of the degree of satisfaction with life and the comfortableness of institution environment. These contents were investigated by regression analysis using the subjective QOL as object variable and other items as independent variable. The results showed that "freedom of choice" and "facility of equipment" were related to the degree of satisfaction with the current life and the comfortableness of institution environment, respectively, at the statistically significant levels. All of the abovedescribed research observations indicate that the big task confronting in the future is to adjust institution environments which will meet the subjective QOL.

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In community care for elderly people, occupational therapists are often tend to pay attention to only elderly people. But we should offer occupational therapy service for their families or helpers also. In this study, we planned interview research for family and helper, impression of their own life (as helper), demands for occupational therapy. And we evaluated them with Locus of control (LOC). As a result, we found that methods of evaluation we used in this research for psychology of family and helper was effective means. It is apparently, that we have to pay attention to as family and helper as elderly people.

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Sixty-nine papers related to the medical rehabilitation were analyzed to investigate the trends and explore the future outlook of the researches in Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Findings were as follows : 1. The average percentage of paperes related to the rehabilitation field was declining in the last 12 years. 2. The cerevral vascular diseases and the intractable diseases were two major subjects of the researches in the field of the rehabilitation in the Tokyo Metropolitan Government Public Health Academy Journal. 3. The joint researches between the hospitals and / or institutions were declining, however, those researches between some rehabilitation professionals were incleasing espesially in the field of the medical rehabilitation in these 10 years.

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Cyclic-AMP (3', 5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) takes an important role as second messenger of signal communication system in a nerve cell of nevous system. It is known that the mutant of DrosophilaMelanogaster (dnc-) has obstaclein dunce (dnc) gene deficit, and evasion from hatred stimulation becomes inability. This dnc gene has phosphodiesterase (PDE) which c-AMP is resolved and is equivalent to phosphodiesterase type IV in Mammalia (PDE IV). In this study, I did fundamental experiment of rat PDE IV activity measurement using high perfromance liquid chromatography and measured the medicine long term dosage to beat against successively or a change of PDE IV enzyme activity in rat brain by electroconvulsive seizure. This enhance of PDE IV enzyme activity was recognized in sinciput domain by these measures. This is considered feedback mechanism by quantity of c-AMP increase to have been induced.

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In an irradiation with a high-energy x-ray beam, the absorbed dose near the surface and smallest field is caused by both incident contaminating electrons and phantom-generated electrons. We develop an experimental method to characterize these processes by means of scatter-to-primary dose ratio (SPR). Measurements of the SPR were performed using 6 MV photon beams (Mitsubishi ML-6M LINAC) to a MixDP phantom. We assume that the SPR can be separated into longitudinal and lateral components, which depend on depth Z and side of square field R, respectively, such that SPR(Z, R)=SPR(Z) SPR(R). The equilibrium dose for large field at the deep depth is extrapolated back towards zero field and surface. As a result, the SPR(Z, 0) decreases with decrease of the depth, and the SPR(0, R) decreases sharply with decrease of field size, which gives a profile of phantom-generated electrons.

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Comparing proton beams with conventional radiation therapy used photon and electron beams, their advantage lies in the physical properties ; the well-defined range, relatively small lateral scattering and the high energy deposition density in the Bragg-Peak just before the end of range. These characteristics make them particularly suitable when the tumor is situated close to critical organs, where it is necessary to deliver accurately a given dose. We measured the scattering attenuation factor of proton beam in water using plane parallel ionization chamber. The maximum energy of the proton beam used in this study is 70 MeV produced form an isochronous cyclotron. The scattering attenuation factor was measured into longitudinal component, which depends on depth Z, such as Sa(Z)-factor. The longitudinal component evaluation was performed for shift of the Spread-Out-Bragg-Peak (SOBP) and the thickness of the ridge filter. From the results, the scattering attenuation factor for the longitudinal component decreases sharply with decrease of water depth, and the gradient of Sa(Z)-factor curve increases with the decrease of the ridge filter thickness.

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