The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of evaluation in the Japanese NPO policy to enhance the NPO's essential function of citizenship creation. Citizenship creation is the term created by P.F. Drucker to explain the importance of citizen participation through donating and volunteering in the NPOs in the era of the knowledge society. The year 2008 is the ten year anniversary of NPO law' in Japan. This paper indicates the current and most serious problem of the sector is that the NPOs do not make good relationships with their supporting entities such as donors and volunteers.
Evaluation will contribute to solving this citizenship creation problem. This paper reviews each evaluation activity of individual stakeholders surrounding the NPO sector and examins the public support test (PST) as a consensus of those stakeholders' evaluation. Finally a revision of the tax and NPO policy based on that PST system is suggested.

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The comprehensive reproductive health is an indispensable concept in order to achieve the Goal 5 of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which is the improvement of maternal health. The objective of this paper is to introduce the new targets and indicators that have been added to MDG5 and to review the assessment of a project, executed by a Japanese NGO and its challenges for promoting reproductive health, inrelation to male involvement. The paper also introduces indicators which that have been used at the time of actual assessment, citing a case of project assessment carried out in Mongolia.

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While civic organizations have recently been becoming more influential than ever in Japan, NGOs are expected to be accountable for the meaningfulness and effects of their development assistance projects in order to gain understanding from stakeholders. However, there has not been enough discussion on NGO accountability in Japan. Also, a question is unavoidably raised in such discussions Who are “NGOs”? This article considers NGO accountability from a holistic viewpoint by applying a case study of project evaluation conducted by an international development NGO in Japan, based on the assumption that the roles and functions of evaluation are important in NGO accountability. It is concluded that, since the contents of accountability can be different depending on the relative relationship with target stakeholders, it can be useful to: 1) implement several different types of evaluation even in a single project; and 2) involve stakeholders in the evaluation process. Future prospects and issues to deal with: 1) the necessity of building partnerships between NGOs and different actors including the government (or administration), private corporations and citizens; and 2) the importance of accountability for NGOs' visions and strategies.

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The Citizen Participation and Evaluation Program for Iwate Prefectural Collaboration in 2006 was reported to the Conference of the Japan Evaluation Society. Upon the conclusion of the evaluation, a collaboration process is suggested. How Performance Measurement can be used and how evaluation can find more important and significant subjects is considered here. The purpose of the evaluation activities conducted by the Intermediate-Support NPO group and the local government officials was to work together at the same tables and collaborate on the evaluation. Under these circumstances, the present collaborative situation is revised and improved from each side. Some issues in the collaborative process remain. Most of those who coordinated this evaluation understood the effects of such a meticulous service for the citizens, producing self effort and meeting the expected needs. The same effectiveness was confirmed throughout this citizen participatory evaluation. The distinguished subjects in each field will lead to prompt improvement and future policy implementation. It is hoped that this proposition will take effect not only on the prefectural levels, but on the local levels as uell.

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This study analyses original panel data from 90 countries between 1985 and 2004. Econometric methods were used to identify the effects of different policy devices and power sector reforms on transmission and distribution loss (T & D loss) ratio, installed capacity per capita, and operation rates in the countries analyzed. From these results two conclusions could be made:
i) The introduction of foreign IPP, privatization, and unbundling all contribute to the build up of efficient assets for electricity generation. Though these factors increase installation capacity and operation rates in many regions, installation capacity decreases in developed countries as there must be a combination of the build up of new generation facilities and the disposing of old ones in order to raise operation rates. On the other hand, in developing countries, the rapid increase in demand leads to an increase in installation capacity per capita.
ii) The introduction of competition to the retail sales section has been effective in decreasing T & D loss in developed countries, countries of the former Soviet Union, and of Eastern Europe.
This study suggests that the secret to successful reform of the power sector is that, any public power company occupying a oligopolistic/monopsonistic position should be unbundled into several private companies.; thus allowing the process of competition to remove inefficiencies, leaving efficiently managed companies to further increase efficiency through investment in efficient assets, decreases of T & D loss, and increased operation rates. While these changes can be seen prominently in developed countries, it is in developing countries and countries with transitional economies that the problem of how to manage the transitional period in a flexible and yet prompt manor is highlighted.

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