In this paper, I tried the administrative evaluation of whole budget allotment of local Governments in Japan, whose execution has been hoped for but never realized, in order to offer residents and civil servants, who decide policies, a tool to make local governments behave efficiently on the expenditure distribution. First, using GMM procedure with instrumental variables, I estimated the residents' utility function of each cluster to which the regional characteristic was similar. And, from the obtained estimation results, the following situation hasbeen emerged: The residents in rural regions get more utility than those in industrial and urban regions by consumption and use of local public goods which local government supply. Next I executed the evaluation based on these estimated functions. And the results showed the following facts: Local governments in rural regions and with lacking finances tend to supply more social capital for industry promotion, land conservation, and agricultural, forestry, and fishery promotion than those in urban regions and with sufficient finances.

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“Aid failure” means rejection of more aid to developing countries due to not effectiveness of aid. Thus “policy evaluation should describe the effectiveness of aid.” In other words, this means people want to know the effectiveness of ODA. In this issue, I try to show whether Japanese policy evaluation of ODA answers this question.
ODA policy (country assistance policy) evaluation should show “Effectiveness as a whole” instead of for each program or each project. Dr. Hughes introduced comparative policy analysis in her policy evaluation for Australia's ODA for Pacific Islands Countries. I extend this model to “policy evaluation framework” for Japanese ODA Policy Evaluation to answer the national people's questions. At that time, the answer should include “people's time preference of aid effectiveness”.
When considering policy evaluation, people want to know the following things.“Is the aid effective?”“Is the amount of money relevant” and “Speaking of effectiveness, what does it mean” Most “policy evaluation report” for Japanese ODA, do not answer these questions. In this article, I used Dr. Hughes framework and compare the results of Policy Evaluation for both Japan and Australia to Pacific Island countries. I suggest that in case of policy evaluation, we should introduce horizontal view of evaluation. To achieve this goal, the British Ministry of International Development/(Performance and Effectiveness Department) is a good case for reference.

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This paper presents, from a media sociological perspective, a theoretical and methodological framework to evaluate the empowerment function of alternative media.
It is a common practice to mobilize broadcasting media for human and social development purposes, which is often referred to as ‘development communication’. Development communication is not limited to the international development context, but also seen as a social policy for the socially vulnerable in developed countries. It is often claimed that alternative media, a concept discussed relative to mainstream media, would empower the socially vulnerable through its accessibility to, and availability of, the process of information production and distribution. Despite such assertion, however, it is rather difficult to find evaluation experiences that have successfully considered the mechanism of communication, namely, how the flow of information works on whom, and how. This paper thus attempts to seek for a linkage between media sociology and evaluation practice, focusing on development communication projects designed for the socially vulnerable's empowerment.

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