This paper examines the concept of gender mainstreaming in the Japanese Official Development Assistance (ODA), and its evaluation methodology from a gender perspective. It discusses what is gender equality, gender mainstreaming, gender impact analysis and gender policy evaluation.
It examines the preceding studies by the World Bank, Asian Development Bank and Swedish International Development Agency on gender mainstreaming strategies and their evaluations undertaken in different sector assistance programs and projects for developing countries. The evaluation studies drew similar lessons learned on the impact of gender mainstreaming strategies and their constraints.
The application of the above evaluation studies gives future directions and suggestions for the evaluation of Japanese ODA policies, programs and projects from a comprehensive gender mainstreaming perspective. The gender evaluation methods to be applied cannot be only technical per se but more of a political process to make the gender equality as an explicit objective of ODA. Through such direction, its gender as well as overall impacts will be measurable, thus possibly indicates the increase of the overall impact and efficiency of the ODA.

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This analysis is to clarify the effects and the cost-effectiveness of the short-term training projects and to make suggestions for improvement. The Asian Productivity Organization (APO) has conducted some ten training projects every year as part of its Integrated Community Development (ICD) program. According to a questionnaire survey, the participants acquired 70.3% of knowledge and skills covered by the training sessions, and they utilized 62.2% of what they have acquired in their work. Additionally, many participants disseminated to others the training results through a range of activities such as lectures, seminars, and publication of papers.
The secondary effects of the training were calculated under the assumption that the training effects equivalent to the original ones are generated when those who received training instilled into others the same levels of knowledge and skills that they have acquired. It has been found that the number of those to whom the results of the training were transmitted to through lectures and seminars is 1.88 persons per participantper year. Taking into consideration the secondary effects associated with the dissemination of the training results, the total effects of training outstrip the training cost.
It has been revealed through a structural equation analysis that the key factors for the improvement of the training effects are selection of appropriate participants, effective and efficient training program, and utilization and dissemination of the knowledge and skills obtained through training program.

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In recent years, the Japanese national government and local governments have paid more attention to the role of the external evaluation systems, but these evaluation systems have not played the roles.
This paper reviews the three cases of the evaluations of the UK National Audit Office, and describes how those evaluations contribute to improving the decision-making process and accountability systems of the UK Government.
This paper also analyses what factor enable the NAO to accomplish more sophisticated evaluations, so thatprovides the idea how to establish more effective external evaluation systems in Japan.

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Japan's Foreign Student Policy (FSP), which was restarted in 1954 after the defeat in the World War II, has two major objectives to assist in the development of human resources and promote friendship with participating nations. In this paper, the author evaluates the FSP towards Indonesia and Thailand. A comparison is made between the efficiency, effectiveness and impact of the Japanese Government Scholarship Program with that of the Support Program (designed specifically for those who study in Japan at their own expense).
The Policy Evaluation Matrix (PEM) evaluation method is used in this comparison since it enables a comprehensive policy evaluation taking into account all related programs including their inputs, institutions in charge, outputs and outcomes. It also enables to examine important assumptions for the attainment of the policy objective. One PEM evaluation is performed for each of the two policy objectives previously outlined.
Questionnaire surveys were conducted in Indonesia and Thailand, sampling those students who received Japanese Government scholarships, studied in Japan at their own expense, studied in American universities and graduated from universities in their home countries. Comparisons between the groups were made in order to determine to what extent Japan has succeeded in reaching its policy, program objectives.
The evaluation has brought to light the following:
1. Japan's FSP towards Indonesia and Thailand has been successful in acieving its objectives from the perspective of human resource development and promoting friendship with Japan.
2. Considering the budgetary input and efficiency, Support Program should be strengthened in countries such as Thailand, where many students study abroad at their own expense.
This quantitative evaluation model utilizing PEM can be applied to other policy and program evaluations.

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This paper evaluates JICA's infectious disease control assistance that has ever implemented in the Nepal. In this study, we try to prosecute the Project Evaluation, with reviewing performances of the Tuberculosis (TB) control strategy in this country. When we think of the Tuberculosis (TB) control strategy for a number of infectious patients, we must operate important methods on the DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course) strategy. DOTS combines five elements: political commitment, microscopy services, adequate drug supplies, surveillance and monitoring systems, and use of highly efficacious regimes with direct observation of treatment. Since DOTS was introduced on a global scale in 1995, over 10 million infectious patients have been successfully treated under DOTS strategy. Therefore, expanding and strengthening DOTS is a key to halting the spread of TB.
In this paper, we evaluate the TB control assistance that has ever performed in this country, with using methods of Project Evaluation that regard the flank of validity, effectiveness, efficiency, self-sustainability and financial sustainability on relevant activities, and with seeking for available possibilities of human capabilities in operating relevant projects.
As these results, the effectiveness of TB control strategy may be improved, for a number of infectious patients and relevant families in this country.

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Chagas disease is widespread in Latin America, but five South American countries were recently certified for interruption of transmission via a regional initiative. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) assists the initiative whose monitoring and evaluation is performed through regional meetings and evaluation missions. These activities not only evaluate the progress, but also promote technical exchange and capacity building among countries. The Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and Guatemala launched a disease control project, and its progress was monitored and evaluated under the regional initiative. As a result, project personnel benefited in three ways:(1) improved expertise through networking with regional experts;(2) strengthened cooperation with PAHO; and (3) expansion of the project to other countries. In the future, JICA and PAHO can cooperate to evaluate the social impact of the initiative, since the current evaluation only reviews the technical aspects of disease control.

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