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Volume 28 (1978)
- Issue 6 Pages 721-
- Issue 5 Pages 557-
- Issue 4 Pages 401-
- Issue 3 Pages 249-
- Issue 2 Pages 109-
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Volume 28, Issue 3
Displaying 1-10 of 10 articles from this issue
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Hideko YAI1978 Volume 28 Issue 3 Pages 249-263
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTwo-thirds of the tested subesophageal ganglion cells of Japanese snail, Euhadra peliomphala, was hyperpolarized when they were perfused by high K-Ringer. This hyperpolarization was accompanied with a marked decrease in membrane resistance and was independent of cell types classified by ACh-induced response. Pentobarbital was found to convert high K-induced hyperpolarization into depolarization, or to augment K-depolarization. The high K-induced hyperpolarization was considered as the result of summated IPSP's elicited by the presynaptic inhibitory fibers which were primarily depolarized by high K. Pentobarbital may remove this synaptic inhibition and disclose the original K-depolarization underlying the cell. In Cl-free media, high K caused a marked depolarization instead of hyperpolarization, or augmented the depolarization observed in normal Ringer. This suggested that the subsynaptic membrane became permeable to Cl ions during the inhibitory presynaptic activity when high K was applied. ACh was found not to be responsible for this synaptic inhibition, because d-tubocurarine, which is known to block the Cl-dependent ACh response of the snail neurons, did not affect the high K-induced hyperpolarization. The possibility of indirect action of high K on the membrane potential through synaptically mediated inhibition was discussed as a cause of its hyperpolarizing effect.View full abstractDownload PDF (1421K) -
Masanori NAGAI, Masami IRIKI1978 Volume 28 Issue 3 Pages 265-273
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe body colour of immobilized carp was photoelectrically measured simultaneously with heart rate in order to examine one of the effects of asphyxia on autonomic functions of the cutaneous region.
1) Asphyxia induced marked body colour darkening and bradycardia.
2) Adequate increase in cardiac vagal activity was recorded during asphyxic bradycardia.
3) After atropine injection, body colour darkening, as in intact fish, was observed during asphyxia while heart rate was not changed.
4) After transection of anterior spinal cord, asphyxic stimulation did not induce body colour darkening.
It is concluded that body colour darkening mediated by nervous pathways was observed during asphyxia simultaneously with the definite bradycardia. This response of body colour has provided the first indication for responses in cutaneous autonomic systems within the responses of the fish co-ordinated as a whole to asphyxia.View full abstractDownload PDF (925K) -
Katsushi ISHIKAWA, Tomio KANNO1978 Volume 28 Issue 3 Pages 275-289
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSProlonged perfusion of isolated rat adrenal glands with high K produced a transient increase in adrenaline release that reached a maximum within 1 min and then declined with a half-time of about 5 min. The higher the [K]o used, the larger was the release of adrenaline elicited. There was a linear relation between the mean rate of adrenaline release in the initial 5 min of continuous stimulation with excess K and logarithmic increase in the [K]o. The higher the [Ca]o used, the steeper was relation obtained: the slope determined in the presence of 5 mM-Ca was nearly twice as much as that obtained in the presence of 0.5 mM-Ca. The release of adrenaline in response to excess K was virtually abolished by the omission of [Ca]o.
The chromaffin cells were depolarized in proportion to logarithmic increase in the [K]o. Linear relations were thus obtained between the mean rates of adrenaline release and the membrane potential of chromaffin cells in the presence of different [Ca]o
Application of high K revived secretory response of a gland after prolonged exposure to acetylcholine in the presence of tetrodotoxin, when adrenaline release had declined below a half of the maximum response. Application of acetylcholine also revived secretory response after prolonged exposure to high K. These results support the view that the mechanism of Ca influx activated by high K may differ from that activated by acetylcholine.View full abstractDownload PDF (1710K) -
Teruzo KONISHI, Donald W. NIELSEN1978 Volume 28 Issue 3 Pages 291-307
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWhen the helicotrema was obstructed in guinea pigs, trapezoidal displacement of the round window membrane produced a trapezoidal microphonic which indicated a unidirectional displacement of the entire length of the basilar membrane. Responses of single auditory nerve fibers to the trapezoidal displacement of the round window membrane were recorded after obstruction of the helicotrema. About 39 % of the 424 fibers showed tonic responses which demonstrated directional sensitivity. More than 90 % of these fibers increased their discharge rate during displacement of the basilar membrane toward the scala tympani and decreased their discharge rate during oppositely directed displacement.Less than 5 % of the tonic fibers responded in the reverse manner. About 23 % of the auditory nerve fibers responded to onset and/or cessationof trapezoidal motion of the basilar membrane. About 28 % showed a combination of the tonic and phasic responses. However it is probably that all phasic responses we observed do not arise from velocitysensitive fibers but some may represent artifacts. Both possibilities remain open until further studies are performed. The transduction mechanism of the cochlea is discussed on the basis of our data obtained by unidirectional displacement of the basilar membrane.View full abstractDownload PDF (11078K) -
Kihachiro ABE1978 Volume 28 Issue 3 Pages 309-322
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe sensory projection from jaw muscles to the cerebral cortex have been studied in rats by electrophysiological and histochemical methods. Electrical stimulation of individual masticatory muscles elicited bilateral responses in the cortical areas 8, 10, 2, and 2a. The following pathway was postulated to mediate these cortical responses; impulses of muscle origin are conducted in turn to the trigeminal mesencephalic tract nucleus (TMT), the contralateral thalamic nucleus ventralis posteromedialis (VPM), the cerebral cortex and finally to the other cerebral cortex which is ipsilateral to the side of stimulation. The ipsilateral cortical response appeared about 5 msec later than the contralateral one and was abolished by sectioning the corpus callosum. By stimulating the cerebral cortex antidromically, the conduction time to the VPM was found to be as long as 6 msec. The conduction from the TMT to the contralateral VPM consumed a period of more than 10 msec. It was presumed to be multisynaptic, being based on the finding that horseradish peroxidase injected into the VPM could not be recovered in the contralateral TMT.View full abstractDownload PDF (3623K) -
Taketoshi MORIMOTO, Steven M. HORVATH, Julian F. BORGIA1978 Volume 28 Issue 3 Pages 323-332
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSTo assess the effects of submaximal exercise on fluid balance and blood constituents, changes in plasma volume, hematocrit, hemoglobin, plasma protein, serum osmolality, and serum electrolytes were measured in splenectomized dogs during treadmill work and recovery. During exercise approximating 32 and 50% of VO2 max, plasma volume did not significantly change. During recovery, plasma volume tended to increase by the same amount at both levels of exercise. Both total circulating plasma protein content and protein concentration increased during exercise. Serum osmolality increased abruptly during exercise and returned to the pre-exercise level immediately after cessation of work. Plasma volume changes calculated from both hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations correlated well with direct measurements using labelled erythrocytes, but values calculated from hematocrit alone averaged 12% higher.View full abstractDownload PDF (1017K) -
Hideo HAYASHI, Kazue TAKAYAMA1978 Volume 28 Issue 3 Pages 333-345
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effect of stimulation of the vagaosympathetic trunk or the vagal nerve on the cardiac interval of the spontaneously beating heart of the bullfrog was studied in the presence and absence of Cd. The prolongation of the cardiac interval following the nerve stimulation was abolished by Cd (5 μM). Such an effect of Cd was completely antagonized by increasing the external Ca to 10 times the normal concentration. Cd (10 μM) did not alter the compound action potential of the nerve trunk, nor did it affect the pacemaker activity of the heart. Bioassay of acetylcholine in the effluent from the heart after cardiac nerve stimulation showed that Cd reduced the acetylcholine release from the cardiac nerve. It is concluded that Cd may act on the cardiac nerve terminals where Cd suppresses the release of acetycholine.View full abstractDownload PDF (1258K) -
Yutaka FUKUDA, David Akira SUZUKI, Kitsuya IWAMA1978 Volume 28 Issue 3 Pages 347-365
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWith lightly anesthetized rats, field responses to single optic nerve (ON) and optic chiasm shocks were studied in superficial layers of the superior colliculus, i.e., St. zonale (SZ), St. griseum superficiale (SGS) and St. opticum (SO). Based upon characteristics in the depth profile of the field response within the superficial layers, we identified three zones of N3, N2, and Ni from the SZ in this order. The narrow N2-zone was localized around the middle part of the SGS and less distinct than the other two zones. The N3-zone was characterized by a N3-wave and the N1-zone with Ni- and P3-waves. N3- and P3-waves were activated by slowly conducting ON fibers (5.0±1.4 and 4.2±0.6 m/sec, respectively) while the N1-wave was by fastest conducting fibers (16.3±4.1 m/sec). According to recent Golgi studies, hypothetical mechanisms underlying the three waves were proposed: the N3-wave was ascribed to the activities of small vertical fusiform cells in the SZ or the upper half of SGS, the N1-wave to those of narrow field vertical cells which predominate in the lower half of SGS, and the P3-wave to those of wide field vertical cells whose somata are in the lower half of SGS or in the SO. The N3-, Ni-, and P3-waves were found to differ from each other in recovery function tested with double ON shocks as well as in the topographical analysis of amplitudes through a whole extent of the colliculus. The three systems represented by the three waves were suggested to play different roles in visual information processing within the superficial strata.View full abstractDownload PDF (4733K) -
Yutaka FUKUDA, David Akira SUZUKI, Kitsuya IWAMA1978 Volume 28 Issue 3 Pages 367-384
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSWith lightly anesthetized rats, activities of single cells responding to single optic nerve (ON) shocks were recorded from the superficial layers of the superior colliculus, i.e., St. zonale (SZ), St. griseum superficiale (SGS) and St. opticum (SO). According to response latencies and recording depths, four classes of cells were identified: I-, II-, III-, and IV-cells. Class I cells, recorded in the SZ or the upper half of SGS, were innervated by slowly conducting ON fibers of velocities slower than 4 m/sec. Class II cells, recorded from the middle part of the SGS, were innervated by ON fibers of intermediate velocity (4-8 m/sec). Class III cells, recorded from the lower half of SGS or the upper part of SO, were innervated by fast conducting ON fibers (faster than 8 m/sec). Class IV cells were recorded from the depth similar to the class III but they were innervated by slowly conducting fibers (4-1.7 m/sec). Class I cells revealed a long-lasting inhibition after initial excitation, being a sharp contrast with cells of classes II and III which were almost free from inhibition. Inhibition exerted upon class IV cells were of intermediate strength. Possible anatomical correlates of the four classes of cells and hypothetical modes of their ON innervation were discussed.View full abstractDownload PDF (1972K) -
Yutaka FUKUDA, Kitsuya IWAMA1978 Volume 28 Issue 3 Pages 385-400
Published: 1978
Released on J-STAGE: June 07, 2011
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSReceptive-field properties were studied in single cells in the visual layer of the albino rat's superior colliculus. Alt the samples (N=195) were identified as one of the four classes (I-, II-, III- and IV-cells) which were established previously on the bases of the response properties to single shocks to the optic pathway and of the recording sites. The four classes were located more deeply in the superior colliculus roughly in the order of from I to IV. Response latencies to single shocks to the optic chiasm were shortest in the III-cells, intermediate in the II-cells and longest in the I- and IV-cells. These cell classes turned out to be different from each other in a number of visual properties. 1) Receptive-field centers in the I- and II-cells (N=26 and 27, respectively) were of either the ON-OFF or the ON type. Of class III (N=47), one subgroup (IIIa) consisted mostly of the OFF type whereas the other (IIIb) was made up mostly of the ON-OFF type. About two-thirds of the IV-cells (71/95) were of either the ON, the OFF or the ON-OFF type; except for two cells, the rest were all of the moving-sensitive type. 2) The average size of the receptive-field center was small (5.4°±2.3°) in the class I, intermediate in the classes II and III (8.1°±2.1° and 7.1°±2.7°, respectively) and large in the class IV (18.1°±15.9°). 3) Responsiveness to moving light stimuli (speeds, 40°-90°/sec) decreased in the order of IIIa, II and IIIb, and I and IV. 4) Maintained activity was lower in the superficially located cells (I, II and IIIa) than in the deeply located ones (IIIb and IV).View full abstractDownload PDF (1757K)
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